refactor: fix result.c naming to follow HACKING.md conventions

[suketa]

Summary

• Rename public method static functions from duckdb_result_* to result_* (rule 1)
• Rename private method static functions from duckdb_result__* to result__* (rule 2)
• Rename extern get_struct_result to rbduckdb_get_struct_result (rule 11)
• Rename init from rbduckdb_init_duckdb_result to rbduckdb_init_result (rule 10)
• Update all callers: duckdb.c, column.c, connection.c, prepared_statement.c, pending_result.c

Test plan

• Compiled successfully with no warnings
• All 1102 tests pass, 0 failures, 0 errors

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

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ℹ️ Review info

⚙️ Run configuration

Configuration used: defaults

Review profile: CHILL

Plan: Pro

Run ID: e4727c3e-68e3-46e5-b493-cbc7b2123800

📥 Commits

Reviewing files that changed from the base of the PR and between 15a14a9 and 79d77e4.

📒 Files selected for processing (7)

• ext/duckdb/column.c
• ext/duckdb/connection.c
• ext/duckdb/duckdb.c
• ext/duckdb/pending_result.c
• ext/duckdb/prepared_statement.c
• ext/duckdb/result.c
• ext/duckdb/result.h

✨ Finishing Touches

🧪 Generate unit tests (beta)

• Create PR with unit tests
• Commit unit tests in branch refactor/result-naming

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