Update list of dependencies

[MakisH]

Updates the Building from source - Dependencies page with the latest requirements and largely improves readability and maintainability.

Dependencies section:

• Update versions in overview table and details
• Makes current version more prominent and links to the previous versions page.
• Move "Overview" subsection outside the "Dependencies", to make the overview more prominent and clearly confined. The URL anchors remain the same, so no links break.
• Add repology info and pkgs.org links in the overview table, mostly for us (these are pages we often visit to check the status)
• In the optional dependencies, clarify which as opt-in and which opt-out.
• For each dependency, transpose the table of version compatibility for easier extension and add recent versions. The last row is the current version. This should be replaced with each new preCICE release. If something changes, a new row should be added. Because of the explicit version number, it should be easy to find and replace.
• Reorder the dependencies sections.

System guides section:

• Replace the version-specific sections with one section per distribution, for easier maintenance. We are now at a maturity level of preCICE and of the respective distributions, where the same instructions work with many versions.
  Instead, add a "these instructions are known to work with version xyz" for clarity and easier updates.
• Remove CentOS and details for older Ubuntu (all EOL).
• Add links to the release history / EOL of each distribution.
• Add links to the CI images Dockerfiles, where available.
• Update and test all system sections (besides macOS, which I cannot test).
• Links to the system packages page.
• Reorders the system guides sections, sorting them as first Linux (alphabetically), then macOS.

Note: I have not added Ginkgo and Kokkos to the system guides, since these are not widely available, and the respective feature is opt-in at the moment.

Side note: Since we normally don't test these: In Rocky 10 and OpenSUSE LEAP 16 (without PETSc), all preCICE tests pass.

Based on:

• CMakeLists: https://github.com/precice/precice/blob/develop/CMakeLists.txt
• Spack recipe: https://github.com/spack/spack-packages/blob/develop/repos/spack_repo/builtin/packages/precice/package.py
• Repology: https://repology.org/
• pkgs.org: https://pkgs.org/
• Shields.io: https://shields.io/
• EOL: https://endoflife.date/

Screenshots:

• current state
• proposed state