[v3] Enable SQLite column metadata

[JanJakes]

This is the v3 version of #1204. The v3 branch has a refactored package layout, so the same SQLite metadata fix is applied to the v3 package classes.

What Changed

• Enable SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA for Unix SQLite builds so macOS/Linux match the existing Windows SQLite Makefile.
• Remove the pdo_sqlite configure override that forced sqlite3_column_table_name=no.
• Add sanity checks for both the SQLite compile option and PDO column table metadata.

Why

SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA is optional in SQLite, but it is used in almost every libsqlite distribution on Linux, macOS, and Windows. When PHP bundled SQLite itself, it used the flag too, and PHP's own test suite covers that flag.

When the flag is missing, SQLite does not expose sqlite3_column_table_name() and PDO then cannot populate PDOStatement::getColumnMeta()['table'], which breaks consumers who rely on this metadata.

Evidence

• Platform builds broadly enable column metadata. Roger Binns found COLUMN_METADATA enabled on macOS, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Arch, Termux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Homebrew, MacPorts, Nix, Haikuports, and msys2.
• Additional builds follow the same pattern. I checked Ubuntu, Alpine, RHEL-family distros, Amazon Linux, openSUSE, and official PHP Docker images, including Alpine variants.
• PHP expects this path to work. PHP's pdo_sqlite configure script probes sqlite3_column_table_name() and defines HAVE_SQLITE3_COLUMN_TABLE_NAME; PHP's own PDO SQLite test suite covers that flag.
• Static PHP CLI already enables it on Windows. This PR makes macOS/Linux match the Windows behavior.

References

• Roger Binns: SQLite configuration: https://www.rogerbinns.com/blog/sqlite-configuration.html
• WordPress SQLite discussion: Resolve column keys when PDO SQLite lacks SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA WordPress/sqlite-database-integration#446 (comment)
• PHP PDO SQLite configure probe: https://github.com/php/php-src/blob/c28199fab6ead9f4449ab9fbc37b52ee44961902/ext/pdo_sqlite/config.m4
• PHP PDO SQLite metadata test: https://github.com/php/php-src/blob/c28199fab6ead9f4449ab9fbc37b52ee44961902/ext/pdo_sqlite/tests/bug_42589.phpt
• WordPress Playground precedent: Add SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA and update SQLite WordPress/wordpress-playground#2948
• Static PHP CLI Windows SQLite Makefile: https://github.com/crazywhalecc/static-php-cli/blob/392733b7c346060792b94de0e0740cc2471f108f/src/globals/extra/Makefile-sqlite

[github-actions]

StaticPHP Test Bot

Detected: Extensions: pdo_sqlite | Libraries: sqlite | Targets: none
Active labels: none
Available labels: need-test (gate), test/linux test/windows test/macos (platform), test/tier2 (extra arch), test/php-83 test/php-84 (PHP version)
Config: Linux x86_64 + Windows x86_64 + macOS arm64 | PHP 8.5 NTS