+Because evolution often operates by an incremental, additive process, the overall result can be a convoluted mess of these layers upon layers of monkey-patched systems. On the other hand, if everything has appropriate adaptive learning and tuning mechanisms, the emergent behavior can be quite robust, with lower brainstem systems providing fast responses to the most important situations and taking care of all the routine functionality, while higher cortical systems daydream about elaborate future plans.
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