Can someone explain it using physics/mathematics?

Hi, I'm a (somewhat) intermediate C programmer and a physics undergraduate student. I don't have any GPU. I've got an Intel Iris Xe iGPU. I wish to make this application in C. Not for commercial purpose btw, I'm a game modder, I'll use this only for my personal purposes. Can anybody explain this whole application (ignore the finetuning part) to me in mathematical/physical terms? Thank you.