diff --git a/parts/chapters/sections/10/2.fodt b/parts/chapters/sections/10/2.fodt index b31e6101..70bedfc3 100644 --- a/parts/chapters/sections/10/2.fodt +++ b/parts/chapters/sections/10/2.fodt @@ -6340,7 +6340,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.No. - SOLUTION + SOLUTION Keyword @@ -6357,7 +6357,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - EQUIL + EQUIL EQUIL – Define the Equilibration Initialization Data- this is the main keyword for the Equilibration initialization that sets the datum depth, the pressure and fluid contacts for an equilibrium region. @@ -6371,7 +6371,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - PBVD + PBVD PBVD – Equilibration Bubble-Point versus Depth Tables- used for Live Black-Oil equilibration regions to define the saturation pressure versus depth relationship. @@ -6385,7 +6385,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - PDVD + PDVD PDVD – Define Equilibration Dew-Point versus Depth Tables- used for Wet Gas equilibration regions to define the saturation pressure versus depth relationship. @@ -6399,7 +6399,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 - RSVD + RSVD RSVD – Equilibration Dissolved Gas-Oil Ratio (Rs) versus Depth Tables- used for Live Black-Oil equilibration regions to define the gas-oil ratio versus depth relationship. @@ -6413,7 +6413,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.5 - RVVD + RVVD RVVD – Equilibration Vaporized Oil-Gas Ratio (Rv) versus Depth Tables- use for Wet Gas equilibration regions to declare the condensate-gas ratio versus depth relationship. @@ -6427,7 +6427,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.6 - SALTVD + SALTVD SALTVD – Equilibration Salt Concentration versus Depth Tables- this is a standard commercial simulator keyword used with the Brine model, but may also be used with OPM Flow's Vaporized Water and Salt Precipitation models. @@ -6441,7 +6441,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.7 - THPRES + THPRES THPRES - Define Equilibration Region Threshold Pressures @@ -6471,7 +6471,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - RVWVD + RVWVD RVWVD – Equilibration Vaporized Water-Gas Ratio (Rvw) versus Depth Tables @@ -6485,7 +6485,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - SALTPVD + SALTPVD SALTPVD – Initial Precipitated Salt Volume Fraction versus Depth Tables @@ -6499,7 +6499,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - SALTVD + SALTVD SALTVD – Equilibration Salt Concentration versus Depth Tables- this is a standard commercial simulator keyword used with the Brine model, but may also be used with OPM Flow's Vaporized Water and Salt Precipitation models. @@ -6517,13 +6517,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Only the Equilibration and Restart initialization type of initialization are used in practice. - For the Equilibration option the PBVD, PDVD, RSVD, and RSVVD keywords may be optional if the datum depth on he EQUIL keyword is set equal to the gas-oil contact (“GOC”), otherwise one of these keywords must be used to set the initial RS (“GOR”) or RV (“GCR”) values for the equilibrium region being defined. + For the Equilibration option the PBVD, PDVD, RSVD, and RVVD keywords may be optional if the datum depth on he EQUIL keyword is set equal to the gas-oil contact (“GOC”), otherwise one of these keywords must be used to set the initial RS (“GOR”) or RV (“GCR”) values for the equilibrium region being defined. - For Live Black-Oil equilibrium regions if the datum depth is not equal to the GOC then one can either use the PBVD keyword to set the saturation pressure (bubble-point) versus depth, or the RSVD keyword to set the GOR versus depth. Similarly for Wet Gas equilibrium regions, one can either use the PDVD keyword to set the saturation pressure (dew-point) versus depth, or RVVD keyword to set the CGR versus depth. + For Live Black-Oil equilibrium regions if the datum depth is not equal to the GOC then one can either use the PBVD keyword to set the saturation pressure (bubble-point) versus depth, or the RSVD keyword to set the GOR versus depth. Similarly for Wet Gas equilibrium regions, one can either use the PDVD keyword to set the saturation pressure (dew-point) versus depth, or RVVD keyword to set the CGR versus depth. - The THPRES keyword is entirely optional but is commonly used to isolate various equilibrium regions. + The THPRES keyword is entirely optional but is commonly used to isolate various equilibrium regions. @@ -6534,12 +6534,12 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 10.1: Minimum Set of SOLUTION Equilibrium Keywords Required by OPM Flow - The minimum set of SOLUTION keywords is generally for three phases runs, that is where the OIL, DISGAS, GAS, VAPOIL, and/or WATER keywords in the RUNSPEC section have been invoked. If additional phases or options have been invoked in the RUNSPEC section, then additional SOLUTION keywords may be required in order to initialize the model. For example, if the BRINE keyword in the RUNSPEC section has been used to activate the BRINE model then the SALTVD keyword in the SOLUTION section may or may not be used to set the initial salt concentration versus depth relationship. + The minimum set of SOLUTION keywords is generally for three phases runs, that is where the OIL, DISGAS, GAS, VAPOIL, and/or WATER keywords in the RUNSPEC section have been invoked. If additional phases or options have been invoked in the RUNSPEC section, then additional SOLUTION keywords may be required in order to initialize the model. For example, if the BRINE keyword in the RUNSPEC section has been used to activate the BRINE model then the SALTVD keyword in the SOLUTION section may or may not be used to set the initial salt concentration versus depth relationship. Enumeration Initialization - Enumeration Initialization is based on user supplying all the required data for the simulator to determine the pressures, fluid saturations, and fluid properties for each cell in the model. This is similar to entering the grid property array data in the GRID section, in that all the data is required for all the cells in the model. - To define the cell pressures for all the grid blocks, the PRESSURE keyword in the SOLUTION section should be employed. There is also the PRVD keyword in the SOLUTION section that can be used to define a pressure versus depth relationship to enable the simulator to calculate the cell pressures instead of entering the data via the PRESSURE keyword; however, this keyword is not implemented in OPM Flow. - For the fluid saturations, it is only necessary to enter the saturations sufficient to define the system, so for a two phase system it is only necessary to define one phase, normally the water phase, as the other phase will be calculated by the simulator. Similarly, for three phases only two phases must be entered with the water phase always normally entered, and the other phase dependent on the type of reservoir. The data is entered using the SGAS, SOIL, and SWAT keywords in the SOLUTION section. - Finally the initial fluid property data needs to be defined based on the fluid phases active in the model. For oil reservoirs either the RS keyword that defines a cell’s initial gas-oil ratio, or the PBUB keyword that defines the oil’s initial bubble point pressure for each cell are required. For gas reservoirs, either the RV keyword that defines vaporized oil-gas ratio (or condensate gas-oil ratio), or the PDEW keyword that defines the initial dew point pressure for each cell must be entered. Table 10.2outlines the minimum set of keywords required by OPM Flow in order for the simulator to initialize the model. For the Enumeration Initialization option - all the keywords are in the SOLUTION section. + Enumeration Initialization is based on user supplying all the required data for the simulator to determine the pressures, fluid saturations, and fluid properties for each cell in the model. This is similar to entering the grid property array data in the GRID section, in that all the data is required for all the cells in the model. + To define the cell pressures for all the grid blocks, the PRESSURE keyword in the SOLUTION section should be employed. There is also the PRVD keyword in the SOLUTION section that can be used to define a pressure versus depth relationship to enable the simulator to calculate the cell pressures instead of entering the data via the PRESSURE keyword; however, this keyword is not implemented in OPM Flow. + For the fluid saturations, it is only necessary to enter the saturations sufficient to define the system, so for a two phase system it is only necessary to define one phase, normally the water phase, as the other phase will be calculated by the simulator. Similarly, for three phases only two phases must be entered with the water phase always normally entered, and the other phase dependent on the type of reservoir. The data is entered using the SGAS, SOIL, and SWAT keywords in the SOLUTION section. + Finally the initial fluid property data needs to be defined based on the fluid phases active in the model. For oil reservoirs either the RS keyword that defines a cell’s initial gas-oil ratio, or the PBUB keyword that defines the oil’s initial bubble point pressure for each cell are required. For gas reservoirs, either the RV keyword that defines vaporized oil-gas ratio (or condensate gas-oil ratio), or the PDEW keyword that defines the initial dew point pressure for each cell must be entered. Table 10.2outlines the minimum set of keywords required by OPM Flow in order for the simulator to initialize the model. For the Enumeration Initialization option - all the keywords are in the SOLUTION section. @@ -6552,7 +6552,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.No. - SOLUTION + SOLUTION Keyword @@ -6569,7 +6569,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - PRESSURE + PRESSURE PRESSURE – Define the Initial Equilibration Pressures for All Grid Blocks. This keyword must be present for all Enumeration equilibration regions. @@ -6583,7 +6583,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - PBUB + PBUB PBUB – Define the Initial Equilibration Bubble-Point Pressure for All Grid Blocks- used for Live Black-Oil equilibration regions to define the saturation pressure for each grid cell. @@ -6597,7 +6597,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - PDEW + PDEW PDEW – Define the Initial Equilibration Dew-Point Pressure for All Grid Blocks- used for Wet Gas equilibration regions to set the saturation pressure for each cell. @@ -6611,7 +6611,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 - RS + RS RS – Define the Initial Equilibration GOR (Rs) for All Grid Blocks- used for Live Black-Oil equilibration regions to define the gas-oil ratio for each grid blocks. @@ -6626,7 +6626,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.5 - RV + RV RV – Define the Initial Equilibration CGR (Rv) for All Grid Blocks- use for Wet Gas equilibration regions to set the condensate-gas ratio for each cell. @@ -6640,7 +6640,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.6 - SALT + SALT SALT – Define the Initial Equilibration Salt Concentration for All Grid Blocks- used to set the initial salt concentration in the Brine model and OPM Flow's Salt Precipitation model. @@ -6654,7 +6654,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.7 - SGAS + SGAS SGAS – Define the Initial Equilibration Gas Saturation for All Grid Blocks- if gas is present in the model then the keyword is used to set the initial gas saturation. @@ -6668,7 +6668,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.8 - SOIL + SOIL SOIL – Define the Initial Equilibration Oil Saturation for All Grid Blocks- if oil is present in the model then the keyword is used to set the initial oil saturation. @@ -6682,7 +6682,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.9 - SWAT + SWAT SWAT – Define the Initial Equilibration Water Saturation for All Grid Blocks- since water is normally always present in petroleum reservoirs, this keyword is always used to define the initial water saturation. For two-phase runs, oil-water or gas-water, then it is only necessary to use this keyword, as the second phase saturations are automatically calculated by the simulator. @@ -6696,7 +6696,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.10 - THPRES + THPRES THPRES - Define Equilibration Region Threshold Pressures @@ -6726,7 +6726,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - SBIOF + SBIOF SBIOF - Define The Initial Equilibration Biofilm Volume Fraction For All Grid Blocks @@ -6740,7 +6740,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - SCALC + SCALC SCALC – Define The Initial Equilibration Calcite Volume Fraction For All Grid Blocks @@ -6754,7 +6754,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - SMICR + SMICR SMICR – Define The Initial Equilibration Microbial Concentration For All Grid Blocks @@ -6768,7 +6768,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 - SOXYG + SOXYG SOXYG - Define The Initial Equilibration Oxygen Concentration For All Grid Blocks @@ -6782,7 +6782,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.5 - SUREA + SUREA SUREA - Define The Initial Equilibration Urea Concentration For All Grid Blocks @@ -6811,7 +6811,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - RVW + RVW RVW – Define the Initial Equilibration Vaporized Water in Gas Ratio for All Grid Blocks- used in both the Vaporized Water model and the Salt Precipitation model. @@ -6825,7 +6825,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - SALT + SALT SALT – Define the Initial Equilibration Salt Concentration for All Grid Blocks- this is a standard commercial simulator keyword used with the Brine model, but may also be used with OPM Flow's Vaporized Water and Salt Precipitation models. @@ -6839,7 +6839,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - SALTP + SALTP SALTP – Define the Initial Precipitated Salt Volume Fraction for All Grid Blocks. @@ -6868,10 +6868,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - RSW + RSW - RSW – Define the Initial Equilibrium Solution Gas in Water Ratio for All Grid Blocks - this is a commercial compositional simulator keyword, but may also be used with OPM Flow's Dissolved Gas in Water model. + RSW – Define the Initial Equilibrium Solution Gas in Water Ratio for All Grid Blocks - this is a commercial compositional simulator keyword, but may also be used with OPM Flow's Dissolved Gas in Water model. Enumeration @@ -6882,16 +6882,16 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - In an Enumeration type of initialization only sufficient data to define the pressures and fluid distributions are required, for example, in a two phase gas-water run it is only necessary to use the PRESSURE, RV, and either SGAS or SWAT keywords to formulate the solution. + In an Enumeration type of initialization only sufficient data to define the pressures and fluid distributions are required, for example, in a two phase gas-water run it is only necessary to use the PRESSURE, RV, and either SGAS or SWAT keywords to formulate the solution. - The THPRES keyword is entirely optional but is commonly used to isolate various equilibrium regions. + The THPRES keyword is entirely optional but is commonly used to isolate various equilibrium regions. - The Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation ("MICP") model is OPM Flow’s implementation of MICP used to investigate leakage remediation. Note currently the model assumes 100% water saturation and therefore it is not necessary to use the SWAT keyword. + The Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation ("MICP") model is OPM Flow’s implementation of MICP used to investigate leakage remediation. Note currently the model assumes 100% water saturation and therefore it is not necessary to use the SWAT keyword. - SBIOF and SMICR can be set in the BIOFILM model. + SBIOF and SMICR can be set in the BIOFILM model. @@ -6902,10 +6902,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 10.2: Minimum Set of SOLUTION Enumeration Keywords Required by OPM Flow - Again, the minimum set of SOLUTION keywords is for general three phases runs, that is where the OIL, DISGAS, GAS, VAPOIL, and/or WATER keywords in the RUNSPEC section have been invoked. If additional phases or options have been invoked, then additional SOLUTION keywords may be required in order to initialize the model. + Again, the minimum set of SOLUTION keywords is for general three phases runs, that is where the OIL, DISGAS, GAS, VAPOIL, and/or WATER keywords in the RUNSPEC section have been invoked. If additional phases or options have been invoked, then additional SOLUTION keywords may be required in order to initialize the model. Restart Initialization - Restart Initialization is performed by the simulator by loading a previously generated RESTART file and equilibrating the model accordingly. In nearly all cases the model will not satisfy the condition of gravity equilibrium; in other words the model is initialized at a point in time after the model has produced or injected fluids. - To write a restart record to the RESTART file, either the RPTSOL or RPTRST keyword in the SOLUTION section can be used to write the initial restart record at time equal to zero. To write restart records at various time points as the simulation progresses through time, then either the RPTRST or RPTSCHED keywords may be used. Both the RPTSOL and RPTSCHED keywords enable just the basic restart record to be written to the RESTART file, which is generally sufficient in most cases. In comparison with the dedicated RPTRST keyword, RPTRST provides additional functionality on the data to be written to the RESTART file and is therefore the preferred keyword to use. For example to request the standard restart data be written out every month using the RPTRST keyword, one would use the following: + Restart Initialization is performed by the simulator by loading a previously generated RESTART file and equilibrating the model accordingly. In nearly all cases the model will not satisfy the condition of gravity equilibrium; in other words the model is initialized at a point in time after the model has produced or injected fluids. + To write a restart record to the RESTART file, either the RPTSOL or RPTRST keyword in the SOLUTION section can be used to write the initial restart record at time equal to zero. To write restart records at various time points as the simulation progresses through time, then either the RPTRST or RPTSCHED keywords may be used. Both the RPTSOL and RPTSCHED keywords enable just the basic restart record to be written to the RESTART file, which is generally sufficient in most cases. In comparison with the dedicated RPTRST keyword, RPTRST provides additional functionality on the data to be written to the RESTART file and is therefore the preferred keyword to use. For example to request the standard restart data be written out every month using the RPTRST keyword, one would use the following: -- -- RESTART CONTROL BASIC = 4 (YEARLY) 5 (MONTHLY) -- @@ -6913,7 +6913,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.BASIC=5 / Subsequently one of the monthly restart points can be used to restart the run. - The keywords used to create restart points in various sections of the input deck and to initialize the model from a RESTART file are shown in Table 10.3. + The keywords used to create restart points in various sections of the input deck and to initialize the model from a RESTART file are shown in Table 10.3. @@ -6939,13 +6939,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - RPTRST + RPTRST RPTRST – Define Data to be Written to the RESTART File - SOLUTION + SOLUTION @@ -6953,7 +6953,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - RPTSOL + RPTSOL RPTSOL – Define SOLUTION Section Reporting @@ -6965,13 +6965,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - RPTRST + RPTRST RPTRST – Define Data to be Written to the RESTART File - SCHEDULE + SCHEDULE @@ -6979,7 +6979,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 - RPTSCHED + RPTSCHED RPTSCHED – Define SCHEDULE Section Reporting @@ -7006,14 +7006,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.5 - RESTART + RESTART RESTART – Restart Run From an Existing Restart File- this keyword is used to initialize the model from a previously run OPM Flow run or from the commercial simulator. - Note that due to the complexities of the RESTART file, OPM Flow may not always be able to restart from the commercial simulators RESTART file. + Note that due to the complexities of the RESTART file, OPM Flow may not always be able to restart from the commercial simulators RESTART file. - SOLUTION + SOLUTION @@ -7021,21 +7021,21 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Notes: - OPM Flow can only restart runs from a RESTART file, and the commercial simulator's SAVE file format is not supported. + OPM Flow can only restart runs from a RESTART file, and the commercial simulator's SAVE file format is not supported. - The THPRES keyword is not required as the data is included in the RESTART file. + The THPRES keyword is not required as the data is included in the RESTART file. - SCHEDULE section keywords not stored in the RESTART and must therefore remain in the input deck if required include: + SCHEDULE section keywords not stored in the RESTART file and must therefore remain in the input deck if required include: - GLOBAL section keywords: COLUMNS, DEBUG, ECHO, EXTRAPMS, FORMFEED, INCLUDE, MESSAGES, NOECHO, NOWARN, and the OPTIONS keyword. + GLOBAL section keywords: COLUMNS, DEBUG, ECHO, EXTRAPMS, FORMFEED, INCLUDE, MESSAGES, NOECHO, NOWARN, and the OPTIONS keyword. - SCHEDULE section keywords: PIMULTAB, RPTSCHED, RPTRST, SCDPTAB, SCDATAB, TUNING, VFPPROD, and VFPINJ keywords. + SCHEDULE section keywords: PIMULTAB, RPTSCHED, RPTRST, SCDPTAB, SCDATAB, TUNING, VFPPROD, and VFPINJ keywords. @@ -7046,10 +7046,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 10.3: SOLUTION Restart Initialization Keywords Required by OPM Flow - In the input deck that is being employed to restart the run, all the equilibration keywords (EQUIL, RSVD, etc.) or the enumeration equilibration keywords (PRESSURE, SGAS, SOIL, SWAT, etc.) in the SOLUTION section used to initialize the model should be deleted. Secondly, it is good practice to insert the SKIPREST keyword at the very beginning of the SCHEDULE section. The SKIPREST keyword causes the simulator to only read in data it requires for restarting the run up to the RESTART point. This is because certain keywords always need to be present in a restart run in the SCHEDULE section, as the data is not stored on the RESTART file, for example the VFP tables (VFPPROD and VFPINJ keywords in the SCHEDULE section). The SKIPREST keyword automatically processes the input deck and reads the required data. + In the input deck that is being employed to restart the run, all the equilibration keywords (EQUIL, RSVD, etc.) or the enumeration equilibration keywords (PRESSURE, SGAS, SOIL, SWAT, etc.) in the SOLUTION section used to initialize the model should be deleted. Secondly, it is good practice to insert the SKIPREST keyword at the very beginning of the SCHEDULE section. The SKIPREST keyword causes the simulator to only read in data it requires for restarting the run up to the RESTART point. This is because certain keywords always need to be present in a restart run in the SCHEDULE section, as the data is not stored on the RESTART file, for example the VFP tables (VFPPROD and VFPINJ keywords in the SCHEDULE section). The SKIPREST keyword automatically processes the input deck and reads the required data. Section Keywords - A complete list of SOLUTION keywords in alphabetic order is shown in Table 10.4together with a generalized Topic column that classifies the functionality of the keyword. Note that not all keywords and features listed in Table 10.4are implemented in OPM Flow. Cells not colored in the No. column indicate the keyword is supported by OPM Flow, cells colored gray indicate that the keyword is not applicable, and finally, cells colored in orange indicate keywords that are not currently supported by OPM Flow. + A complete list of SOLUTION keywords in alphabetic order is shown in Table 10.4together with a generalized Topic column that classifies the functionality of the keyword. Note that not all keywords and features listed in Table 10.4are implemented in OPM Flow. Cells not colored in the No. column indicate the keyword is supported by OPM Flow, cells colored gray indicate that the keyword is not applicable, and finally, cells colored in orange indicate keywords that are not currently supported by OPM Flow. @@ -7062,7 +7062,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.No. - RUNSPEC + RUNSPEC Keyword @@ -7079,7 +7079,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - ADD + ADD ADD – Add a Constant to a Specified Array. @@ -7094,7 +7094,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - ADDREG + ADDREG ADDREG – Add a Constant to an Array based on a Region Number. @@ -7109,14 +7109,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - APIVD + APIVD APIVD - Equilibration Oil API Gravity versus Depth Tables. - API + API @@ -7124,7 +7124,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 - AQANCONL + AQANCONL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7139,7 +7139,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.5 - AQANNC + AQANNC AQANNC – Define Analytic Aquifer Non-Neighbor Connections. @@ -7154,7 +7154,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.6 - AQANTRC + AQANTRC AQANTRC - Define Analytic Aquifer Initial Tracer Concentrations. @@ -7169,7 +7169,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.7 - AQUALIST + AQUALIST AQUALIST – Define An Analytic Aquifer Name to Aquifer Numbers . @@ -7184,7 +7184,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.8 - AQUANCON + AQUANCON AQUANCON – Define Analytical Connections to the Grid. @@ -7199,7 +7199,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.9 - AQUCHGAS + AQUCHGAS AQUCHGAS – Define Constant Pressure Gas Analytical Aquifer Properties. @@ -7214,7 +7214,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.10 - AQUCHWAT + AQUCHWAT AQUCHWAT – Define Constant Pressure Water Analytical Aquifer Properties. @@ -7229,7 +7229,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.11 - AQUCON + AQUCON AQUCON – Define Numerical Aquifer Connections to the Grid. @@ -7244,7 +7244,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.12 - AQUCT + AQUCT AQUCT – Define Carter-Tracy Analytical Aquifers. @@ -7259,7 +7259,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.13 - AQUFET + AQUFET AQUFET – Define Fetkovich Analytical Aquifer and Connections. @@ -7274,7 +7274,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.14 - AQUFETP + AQUFETP AQUFETP – Define Fetkovich Analytical Aquifers. @@ -7289,7 +7289,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.15 - AQUFLUX + AQUFLUX AQUFLUX - Define Constant Flux Analytical Aquifer. @@ -7304,7 +7304,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.16 - BC + BC BC – Define Boundary Conditions. @@ -7320,7 +7320,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.17 - BOUNDARY + BOUNDARY BOUNDARY – Define a Boundary Box for Printing. @@ -7335,7 +7335,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.18 - BOX + BOX BOX - Define a Range of Grid Blocks to Enter Property Data. @@ -7350,7 +7350,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.19 - COLUMNS + COLUMNS COLUMNS – Define Input File Column Margins. @@ -7365,7 +7365,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.20 - COPY + COPY COPY – Copy Array Data to Another Array. @@ -7380,7 +7380,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.21 - COPYREG + COPYREG COPYREG – Copy an Array to Another Array based on a Region Number. @@ -7395,7 +7395,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.22 - DATUM + DATUM DATUM – Define the Datum Depth for the Model. @@ -7410,7 +7410,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.23 - DATUMR + DATUMR DATUMR – Define Datum Depths for the FIPNUM Regions. @@ -7425,7 +7425,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.24 - DATUMRX + DATUMRX DATUMRX – Define Datum Depths for the FIP Allocated Regions. @@ -7440,7 +7440,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.25 - DEBUG + DEBUG DEBUG – Define the Debug Data to be Printed to File. @@ -7455,7 +7455,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.26 - DYNAMICR + DYNAMICR DYNAMICR – Start of Dynamic Region Parameter Definition. @@ -7470,7 +7470,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.27 - ECHO + ECHO ECHO – Activate Echoing of User Input Files to the Print File. @@ -7485,7 +7485,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.28 - END + END END – Define the End of the Input File. @@ -7500,7 +7500,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.29 - ENDBOX + ENDBOX ENDBOX – Define the End of the BOX Defined Grid. @@ -7515,7 +7515,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.30 - ENDDYN + ENDDYN ENDDYN– End of Dynamic Region Parameter Definition. @@ -7530,14 +7530,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.31 - ENDFIN + ENDFIN ENDFIN – End the Definition of a Local Grid Refinement. - LGR + LGR @@ -7545,7 +7545,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.32 - ENDINC + ENDINC ENDINC – Define the End of an Include File. @@ -7560,7 +7560,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.33 - ENDSKIP + ENDSKIP ENDSKIP – Deactivate Skipping of Keywords and Input Data. @@ -7575,7 +7575,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.34 - EQUALREG + EQUALREG EQUALREG – Sets an Array to a Constant by Region Number. @@ -7590,7 +7590,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.35 - EQUALS + EQUALS EQUALS – Sets a Specified Array to a Constant. @@ -7605,7 +7605,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.36 - EQUIL + EQUIL EQUIL – Define the Equilibration Initialization Data. @@ -7620,7 +7620,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.37 - EXTRAPMS + EXTRAPMS EXTRAPMS – Activate Extrapolation Warning Messages. @@ -7635,7 +7635,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.38 - FILEUNIT + FILEUNIT FILEUNIT – Activate Unit Consistency Checking. @@ -7650,7 +7650,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.39 - FORMFEED + FORMFEED FORMFEED – Defined the Print File Form-Feed Character. @@ -7665,7 +7665,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.40 - GASCONC + GASCONC GASCONC – Define the Initial Equilibration Coal Gas Concentration for All Grid Blocks. @@ -7680,7 +7680,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.41 - GASSATC + GASSATC GASSATC – Define the Initial Equilibration Saturated Coal Gas Concentration for All Grid Blocks. @@ -7695,7 +7695,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.42 - GCVD + GCVD GCVD – Define Equilibration Coal Gas Concentration versus Depth Tables. @@ -7710,7 +7710,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.43 - GETDATA + GETDATA GETDATA – Load and Assign Data Array from INIT or RESTART Files. @@ -7725,7 +7725,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.44 - GETGLOB + GETGLOB GETGLOB – Activate Loading of Global Grid Restart Data Option. @@ -7740,7 +7740,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.45 - GI + GI GI - Define the Initial Equilibration Gi Values for All Grid Blocks. @@ -7755,7 +7755,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.46 - HMAQUCT + HMAQUCT HMAQUCT – History Match Carter-Tracy Aquifer Gradient Parameters. @@ -7770,7 +7770,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.47 - HMAQUFET + HMAQUFET HMAQUFET – History Match Fetkovich Aquifer Gradient Parameters. @@ -7785,7 +7785,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.48 - HMMLCTAQ + HMMLCTAQ HMMLCTAQ – History Match Carter-Tracy Aquifer Gradient Multipliers. @@ -7800,7 +7800,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.49 - HMMLFTAQ + HMMLFTAQ HMMLFTAQ – History Match Fetkovich Aquifer Gradient Multipliers. @@ -7815,7 +7815,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.50 - HMMLTWCN + HMMLTWCN HMMLTWCN – History Match Well Connection and Skin Multipliers. @@ -7830,7 +7830,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.51 - HMWELCON + HMWELCON HMWELCON – History Match Well Connection and Skin Parameters. @@ -7845,7 +7845,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.52 - IMPORT + IMPORT IMPORT – Import Grid File Data at the Current Position. @@ -7860,7 +7860,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.53 - INCLUDE + INCLUDE INCLUDE – Load Another Data File at the Current Position. @@ -7875,10 +7875,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.54 - MESSAGE + MESSAGE - MESSAGE – Output User Message. The MESSAGE keyword outputs a user message to the terminal, as well as to the print (*.PRT) and debug (*.DBG) files. + MESSAGE – Output User Message. The MESSAGE keyword outputs a user message to the terminal, as well as to the print (*.PRT) and debug (*.DBG) files. @@ -7890,10 +7890,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.55 - MESSAGES + MESSAGES - MESSAGES – Define Message Print Limits and Stop Limits. The MESSAGES keyword defines the print and stops levels for various messages. + MESSAGES – Define Message Print Limits and Stop Limits. The MESSAGES keyword defines the print and stops levels for various messages. @@ -7905,7 +7905,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.56 - MULTIPLY + MULTIPLY MULTIPLY – Multiply a Specified Array by a Constant. @@ -7920,7 +7920,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.57 - MULTIREG + MULTIREG MULTIREG – Multiply an Array by a Constant based on a Region Number. @@ -7935,7 +7935,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.58 - NOECHO + NOECHO NOECHO – Deactivate Echoing of User Input Files to the Print File. @@ -7950,7 +7950,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.59 - NOHMD + NOHMD NOHMD – Deactivate History Match Gradient Derivative Calculations. @@ -7965,7 +7965,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.60 - NOHMO + NOHMO NOHMO – Deactivate History Match Gradient Derivative Calculations (Alias). @@ -7980,7 +7980,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.61 - NOWARN + NOWARN NOWARN – Deactivate Warning Messages. @@ -7995,14 +7995,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.62 - OILAPI + OILAPI OILAPI – Define the Initial Equilibration Oil API for All Grid Blocks. - API + API @@ -8010,7 +8010,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.63 - OPERATE + OPERATE OPERATE – Define Mathematical Operations on Arrays. @@ -8025,7 +8025,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.64 - OPERATER + OPERATER OPERATER – Define Mathematical Operations on Arrays by Region. @@ -8040,7 +8040,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.65 - OUTSOL + OUTSOL OUTSOL – Define Data to be Written to the RESTART File (Retired). @@ -8055,7 +8055,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.66 - PBUB + PBUB PBUB – Define the Initial Equilibration Bubble-Point Pressure for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8070,7 +8070,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.67 - PBVD + PBVD PBVD – Equilibration Bubble-Point versus Depth Tables. @@ -8085,7 +8085,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.68 - PDEW + PDEW PDEW – Define the Initial Equilibration Dew-Point Pressure for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8100,7 +8100,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.69 - PDVD + PDVD PDVD – Define Equilibration Dew-Point versus Depth Tables. @@ -8115,7 +8115,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.70 - PRESSURE + PRESSURE PRESSURE – Define the Initial Equilibration Pressures for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8130,7 +8130,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.71 - PRVD + PRVD PRVD – Define the Initial Equilibration Pressures versus Depth. @@ -8145,7 +8145,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.72 - PYEND + PYEND PYEND – End the Definition of a PYINPUT Section. @@ -8161,7 +8161,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.73 - PYINPUT + PYINPUT PYINPUT – Define the Start of a PYINPUT Section. @@ -8177,7 +8177,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.74 - RAINFALL + RAINFALL RAINFALL – Constant Flux Aquifer Rainfall Flux by Month. @@ -8192,7 +8192,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.75 - RBEDCONT + RBEDCONT RBEDCONT – Define River Grid Block Contact Area versus Depth. @@ -8207,14 +8207,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.76 - REFINE + REFINE REFINE – Start the Definition of a Local Grid Refinement. - LGR + LGR @@ -8222,7 +8222,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.77 - RESTART + RESTART RESTART – Restart Run From an Existing Restart File. @@ -8237,7 +8237,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.78 - RIVERSYS + RIVERSYS RIVERSYS - Define River System (Branch Structure and Boundary Conditions). @@ -8252,7 +8252,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.79 - RPTRST + RPTRST RPTRST – Define Data to be Written to the RESTART File. @@ -8267,7 +8267,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.80 - RPTSOL + RPTSOL RPTSOL – Define SOLUTION Section Reporting. @@ -8282,7 +8282,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.81 - RS + RS RS – Define the Initial Equilibration GOR (Rs) for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8297,7 +8297,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.82 - RSVD + RSVD RSVD – Equilibration Dissolved Gas-Oil Ratio (Rs) versus Depth Tables. @@ -8312,11 +8312,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.83 - RSW + RSW RSW – Define the Initial Equilibrium Solution Gas in Water Ratio for All Grid Blocks. - This is a commercial compositional simulator keyword, but may also be used with OPM Flow's Dissolved Gas in Water model. + This is a commercial compositional simulator keyword, but may also be used with OPM Flow's Dissolved Gas in Water model. @@ -8328,7 +8328,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.84 - RTEMP + RTEMP RTEMP - Define the Initial Reservoir Temperature for the Model. @@ -8343,7 +8343,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.85 - RTEMPA + RTEMPA RTEMPA - Define the Initial Reservoir Temperature for the Model. @@ -8359,7 +8359,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.86 - RTEMPVD + RTEMPVD RTEMPVD - Define the Initial Reservoir Temperature versus Depth Tables. @@ -8374,7 +8374,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.87 - RV + RV RV – Define the Initial Equilibration CGR (Rv) for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8389,7 +8389,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.88 - RVVD + RVVD RVVD – Equilibration Vaporized Oil-Gas Ratio (Rv) versus Depth Tables. @@ -8404,11 +8404,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.89 - RVW + RVW RVW – Define the Initial Equilibration Vaporized Water in Gas Ratio for All Grid Blocks. - This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Water Vaporization Model that is activated by the VAPWAT in the RUNSPEC section. + This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Water Vaporization Model that is activated by the VAPWAT in the RUNSPEC section. @@ -8420,11 +8420,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.90 - RVWVD + RVWVD RVWVD – Equilibration Vaporized Water-Gas Ratio (Rvw) versus Depth Tables - This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Water Vaporization Model that is activated by the VAPWAT in the RUNSPEC section. + This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Water Vaporization Model that is activated by the VAPWAT in the RUNSPEC section. @@ -8436,7 +8436,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.91 - SALT + SALT SALT – Define the Initial Equilibration Salt Concentration for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8452,11 +8452,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.92 - SALTP + SALTP SALTP – Define the Initial Precipitated Salt Volume Fraction for All Grid Blocks. - This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Salt Precipitation Model that is activated by the PRECSALT keyword and declaring that vaporized water is present in the run via the VAPWAT in the RUNSPEC section. + This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Salt Precipitation Model that is activated by the PRECSALT keyword and declaring that vaporized water is present in the run via the VAPWAT in the RUNSPEC section. @@ -8468,11 +8468,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.93 - SALTPVD + SALTPVD SALTPVD – Initial Precipitated Salt Volume Fraction versus Depth Tables. - This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Salt Precipitation Model that is activated by the PRECSALT keyword and declaring that vaporized water is present in the run via the VAPWAT in the RUNSPEC section. + This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Salt Precipitation Model that is activated by the PRECSALT keyword and declaring that vaporized water is present in the run via the VAPWAT in the RUNSPEC section. @@ -8484,7 +8484,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.94 - SALTREST + SALTREST SALTREST – Define the Restart Salt Concentration for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8499,7 +8499,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.95 - SALTVD + SALTVD SALTVD – Equilibration Salt Concentration versus Depth Tables. @@ -8515,14 +8515,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.96 - SBIOF + SBIOF SBIOF - Define The Initial Equilibration Biofilm Volume Fraction For All Grid Blocks. - MICP/Biofilm + MICP/Biofilm @@ -8530,14 +8530,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.97 - SCALC + SCALC SCALC – Define The Initial Equilibration Calcite Volume Fraction For All Grid Blocks. - MICP + MICP @@ -8545,7 +8545,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.98 - SCVD + SCVD SCVD – Define Equilibration Coal Solvent Concentration versus Depth Tables. @@ -8560,7 +8560,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.99 - SFOAM + SFOAM SFOAM – Define the Initial Equilibration Foam Concentration for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8575,7 +8575,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.100 - SGAS + SGAS SGAS – Define the Initial Equilibration Gas Saturation for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8590,7 +8590,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.101 - SKIP + SKIP SKIP – Activate Skipping of All Keywords and Input Data. @@ -8605,7 +8605,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.102 - SKIP100 + SKIP100 SKIP100 – Activate Skipping of Black-Oil Keywords and Input Data. @@ -8621,7 +8621,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.103 - SKIP300 + SKIP300 Error: Reference source not found. @@ -8636,14 +8636,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.104 - SMICR + SMICR SMICR – Define The Initial Equilibration Microbial Concentration For All Grid Blocks. - MICP/Biofilm + MICP/Biofilm @@ -8651,7 +8651,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.105 - SOIL + SOIL SOIL – Define the Initial Equilibration Oil Saturation for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8666,7 +8666,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.106 - SOLUTION + SOLUTION SOLUTION - Define the Start of the SOLUTION Section of Keywords. @@ -8681,7 +8681,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.107 - SOLVCONC + SOLVCONC SOLVCONC – Define the Initial Coal Solvent Concentration for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8696,7 +8696,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.108 - SOLVFRAC + SOLVFRAC SOLVFRAC – Define the Initial Gas Solvent Fraction for All Grid Blocks @@ -8711,14 +8711,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.109 - SOXYG + SOXYG SOXYG - Define The Initial Equilibration Oxygen Concentration For All Grid Blocks. - MICP + MICP @@ -8726,7 +8726,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.110 - SPOLY + SPOLY SPOLY – Define the Initial Equilibration Polymer Concentration for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8741,7 +8741,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.111 - SPOLYMW + SPOLYMW SPOLYMW – Define The Initial Equilibration Polymer Molecular Weights For All Grid Blocks. @@ -8757,7 +8757,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.112 - SSOL + SSOL SSOL – Define the Initial Equilibration Solvent Saturation for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8772,14 +8772,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.113 - SUREA + SUREA SUREA - Define The Initial Equilibration Urea Concentration For All Grid Blocks. - MICP + MICP @@ -8787,7 +8787,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.114 - SURF + SURF SURF – Define the Initial Equilibration Polymer Concentration for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8802,7 +8802,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.115 - SWAT + SWAT SWAT – Define the Initial Equilibration Water Saturation for All Grid Blocks. @@ -8817,7 +8817,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.116 - TBLK + TBLK TBLK – Define Tracer Initial Grid Block Concentrations. @@ -8832,7 +8832,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.117 - TEMPI + TEMPI TEMPI – Define the Initial Temperature Values for All Cells. @@ -8847,7 +8847,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.118 - TEMPVD + TEMPVD TEMPVD - Define the Initial Reservoir Temperature versus Depth Tables. @@ -8862,7 +8862,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.119 - THPRES + THPRES THPRES - Define Equilibration Region Threshold Pressures. @@ -8877,7 +8877,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.120 - TVDP + TVDP TVDP – Define the Initial Equilibration Tracer Saturation versus Depth Functions. @@ -8892,7 +8892,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.121 - VAPPARS + VAPPARS VAPPARS – Oil Vaporization Parameters. @@ -8907,7 +8907,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.122 - VISDATES + VISDATES VISDATES – Define External Reservoir Geo-Mechanics VISAGE Stress Dates. @@ -8922,7 +8922,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.123 - VISOPTS + VISOPTS VISOPTS – Define External Reservoir Geo-Mechanics VISAGE Options. @@ -8937,7 +8937,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.124 - WARN + WARN WARN – Activate Warning Messages. @@ -8969,19 +8969,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Action: Keywords associated with the ACTIONX or OPM Flow’s Python facility. + Action: Keywords associated with the ACTIONX or OPM Flow’s Python facility. - API: API option equilibration keywords. + API: API option equilibration keywords. - Biofilm: BIOFILM option equilibration keywords. + Biofilm: BIOFILM option equilibration keywords. - Brine: BRINE option equilibration keywords. + Brine: BRINE option equilibration keywords. - CBM: COAL BED METHANE equilibration keyword (not implemented in OPM Flow). + CBM: COAL BED METHANE equilibration keyword (not implemented in OPM Flow). Enumeration: Enumeration equilibration keywords. @@ -9005,10 +9005,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - LGR: LOCAL GRID REFINEMENT equilibration keywords (not implemented in OPM Flow). + LGR: LOCAL GRID REFINEMENT equilibration keywords (not implemented in OPM Flow). - MICP: Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation model equilibration keywords. + MICP: Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation model equilibration keywords. Output: Output control and options. @@ -9017,7 +9017,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Phases: Equilibration keywords related to the active phases. - Polymer: POLYMER equilibration keywords. + Polymer: POLYMER equilibration keywords. Restart: Restart equilibration keywords. @@ -9026,16 +9026,16 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Rivers: Keywords associated with the RIVERS facility (not implemented in OPM Flow). - Solvent: SOLVENT equilibration keywords. + Solvent: SOLVENT equilibration keywords. - Thermal: THERMAL equilibration keywords. + Thermal: THERMAL equilibration keywords. - Tracers: TRACER equilibration keywords. + Tracers: TRACER equilibration keywords. - Water Vaporization: WATER VAPORIZATION equilibration keywords. + Water Vaporization: WATER VAPORIZATION equilibration keywords. @@ -9046,7 +9046,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Note that a number of keywords can be classified under several topics, so the Topic column should only be used as a general reference guide. Example - The first example is taken from the Norne field, in which the model is in SI units, and the NTEQUL varibale on the EQLDIMS keyword in the RUNSPEC section has been set to five for five equilibration regions in the model. + The first example is taken from the Norne field, in which the model is in SI units, and the NTEQUL variable on the EQLDIMS keyword in the RUNSPEC section has been set to five for five equilibration regions in the model. -- -- DATUM DATUM OWC PCOW GOC PCGO RS RV N -- DEPTH PRESS DEPTH ---- DEPTH ---- OPT OPT OPT @@ -9095,7 +9095,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 1 7.000830 / REGN 4 TO REGN 1 / - Note that even though the datum depth are the gas-oil contact depths are the same the RSVD keyword has been used to defined the RS (GOR) versus depth relationship. Secondly, the THPRES keyword has been used to set a threshold pressure between the various equilibration regions to prevent flow between the regions until the threshold is exceeded. + Note that even though the datum depth are the gas-oil contact depths are the same the RSVD keyword has been used to defined the RS (GOR) versus depth relationship. Secondly, the THPRES keyword has been used to set a threshold pressure between the various equilibration regions to prevent flow between the regions until the threshold is exceeded. The next example is taken from a field containing only dead1 “Dead” oil is oil that it contains no dissolved gas or a relatively thick oil or residue that has lost its volatile components. oil with one equilibration region and Fetkovich2 Fetkovich, M. J. “A Simplified Approach to Water Influx Calculations - Finite Aquifer Systems,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, (1971) 23, No. 7, 814-828. analytical aquifer connected on the flanks of the field. @@ -9146,7 +9146,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 9 9 146 146 1 29 'I-' 1* 1* 'NO' / 1 8 8 147 147 1 29 'I-' 1* 1* 'NO' / - Notice how the gas-oil contact has been defaulted as there is no gas in the model only oil and water. Alternatively, one could have located the gas-oil contact above the reservoir. Secondly the DATUM keyword has been used to reset the datum depth for pressure reporting. + Notice how the gas-oil contact has been defaulted as there is no gas in the model only oil and water. Alternatively, one could have located the gas-oil contact above the reservoir. Secondly the DATUM keyword has been used to reset the datum depth for pressure reporting. diff --git a/parts/chapters/sections/11/2.fodt b/parts/chapters/sections/11/2.fodt index 9a26254c..897ac9b7 100644 --- a/parts/chapters/sections/11/2.fodt +++ b/parts/chapters/sections/11/2.fodt @@ -10161,10 +10161,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Data Requirements - To generate a summary vector, the appropriate keyword must be entered in the SUMMARY section of the input data file; only variables explicitly requested will be written to the SUMMARY files. Normally the data is written to the summary file at the end of each successful time step, but as mentioned previously, this can be changed by the RPTONLY keyword to write out the data only at report time steps, thus reducing the overall size of the SUMMARY files. + To generate a summary vector, the appropriate keyword must be entered in the SUMMARY section of the input data file; only variables explicitly requested will be written to the SUMMARY files. Normally the data is written to the summary file at the end of each successful time step, but as mentioned previously, this can be changed by the RPTONLY keyword to write out the data only at report time steps, thus reducing the overall size of the SUMMARY files. The following sections describe the summary variable mnemonic syntax which defines the type of summary variable object (Aquifer, Field, Group, Well, etc.), the variable format for a given variable object, and the variable names for the various variable objects. Summary Variable Mnemonic Syntax - As mentioned earlier, there are literally hundreds of variables that can be written to the SUMMARY file, which can make the process of requesting the data rather complex. Fortunately in most cases, but not always, the variable names follow a four or five letter syntax that defines the variable mnemonic used to describe the data to be written out. Table 11.2.1outlines the general syntax employed in deriving the variable mnemonic for some of the more commonly used summary variables. + As mentioned earlier, there are literally hundreds of variables that can be written to the SUMMARY file, which can make the process of requesting the data rather complex. Fortunately in most cases, but not always, the variable names follow a four or five letter syntax that defines the variable mnemonic used to describe the data to be written out. Table 11.2.1outlines the general syntax employed in deriving the variable mnemonic for some of the more commonly used summary variables. @@ -10630,7 +10630,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.BAPI - Block API + Block API @@ -10701,7 +10701,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Table 11.2.3: Summary Variable Mnemonics Examples Not Following the General Syntax Summary Variable Format - In addition to the general mnemonic syntax, each object type (Field, Group, Region, Well, etc.) has additional syntax governing which specific object (group, well, etc.) should be written out to the SUMMARY file as explained in Table 11.2.4. + In addition to the general mnemonic syntax, each object type (Field, Group, Region, Well, etc.) has additional syntax governing which specific object (group, well, etc.) should be written out to the SUMMARY file as explained in Table 11.2.4. @@ -10753,7 +10753,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Analytical aquifer lists defined via the AQUALIST keyword in the SOLUTION section are identified by the first two characters AL in the variable mnemonic. + Analytical aquifer lists defined via the AQUALIST keyword in the SOLUTION section are identified by the first two characters AL in the variable mnemonic. Aquifer variables for aquifer lists can be followed by any number of aquifer list names and therefore a terminating “/” is required to end the list of aquifers. A blank list requests output for all the aquifers. @@ -10786,7 +10786,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FIELD + FIELD Field variables take no additional parameters and therefore do not require a terminating “/”. @@ -10796,7 +10796,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.FOPR FOPT FPR - Would export the field oil production rate and total, plus the field average reservoir pressure to the SUMMARY file. + Would export the field oil production rate and total, plus the field average reservoir pressure to the SUMMARY file. @@ -10888,7 +10888,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Well variables for well completion vectors1 The term well connection is used to describe individual connections from the wellbore to the reservoir grid, as opposed to well completions. A well completion is used to describe a set of connections, for example, a well may consist of several completions with each completion consisting of multiple connections. generally consist of the well summary mnemonic name suffixed with the letter "L", for example WOPRL, for the completion oil production rate. The completion mnemonic is then followed by a list of well names enclosed in quotes and the completion number, each terminated by a “/”. In addition the list is terminated by a terminating “/”. - A blank list for the completions results in all completions for a well being written out, and a blank list for the well will result in all well completions being written to the SUMMARY file. + A blank list for the completions results in all completions for a well being written out, and a blank list for the well will result in all well completions being written to the SUMMARY file. Care should be exercised when defaulting the list of wells and completions as there is the potential to generate large volumes of data. @@ -10913,7 +10913,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Connection variables are followed by a list of well names in quotes and connection I, J, K indices, each terminated by a “/”. In addition the list is terminated by a terminating “/”. - A blank list for the connections results in all connections for a well being written out. And a blank list for the well will result in all well connections being written to the SUMMARY file. + A blank list for the connections results in all connections for a well being written out. And a blank list for the well will result in all well connections being written to the SUMMARY file. Again, care should be exercised when defaulting the list of wells and connections as there is the potential to generate large volumes of data. @@ -10940,7 +10940,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. This type of data is the same as for the Well Completion data, except that the Well Connection series of mnemonics are used instead of the well mnemonics. Here the completion vectors consist of the connection mnemonic name suffixed with the letter "L", for example COPRL, for the completion oil production rate. - The completion mnemonic is then followed by a list of well names enclosed in quotes and the connection I, J, K indices, each terminated by a “/”. In addition, the list is terminated by a terminating “/”. If any connection has been defined as being within a completion via the COMPLUMP keyword in the SCHEDULE section, then the completion data is written out instead of the connection data. + The completion mnemonic is then followed by a list of well names enclosed in quotes and the connection I, J, K indices, each terminated by a “/”. In addition, the list is terminated by a terminating “/”. If any connection has been defined as being within a completion via the COMPLUMP keyword in the SCHEDULE section, then the completion data is written out instead of the connection data. A blank list for the completions results in all completions for a well being written out. However, the well name cannot be defaulted, unlike the other well and connection mnemonics. Care should be exercised when defaulting the list of completions as there is the potential to generate large volumes of data. @@ -10966,7 +10966,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Well variables for multi-segment well segments can be followed by a list of well names enclosed in quotes and the segment number, each terminated by a “/”. In addition, the list is terminated by a terminating “/”. - A blank list for the segments results in all segments for a well being written out. And a blank list for the well will result in all well segments being written to the SUMMARY file. + A blank list for the segments results in all segments for a well being written out. And a blank list for the well will result in all well segments being written to the SUMMARY file. Care should be exercised when defaulting the list of wells and segments as there is the potential to generate large volumes of data. @@ -10988,7 +10988,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Aquifer Variables - Table 11.2.5outlines the aquifer summary variables based on the type of aquifer: analytical, analytical list and numerical. Note that the analytical list aquifer type is just an analytical aquifer “set” defined using the AQUALIST keyword in the SOLUTION section, that assigns an analytic aquifer list name to a set of aquifer numbers for greater readability in the output. This type of aquifer is not supported by OPM Flow and neither are numerical aquifers. + Table 11.2.5outlines the aquifer summary variables based on the type of aquifer: analytical, analytical list and numerical. Note that the analytical list aquifer type is just an analytical aquifer “set” defined using the AQUALIST keyword in the SOLUTION section, that assigns an analytic aquifer list name to a set of aquifer numbers for greater readability in the output. This type of aquifer is not supported by OPM Flow and neither are numerical aquifers. @@ -11220,7 +11220,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Table 11.2.5: Aquifer Summary Variables Example - The following example requests the field and analytical aquifer pressure, rate and cumulative water influxes for all analytical aquifers to be written to the SUMMARY file. + The following example requests the field and analytical aquifer pressure, rate and cumulative water influxes for all analytical aquifers to be written to the SUMMARY file. -- ============================================================================== -- @@ -15521,7 +15521,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - CPR + CPR CPRL @@ -16257,7 +16257,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Field, Group and Well Control Mode Variables - In addition to the production, injection, pressure, and productivity summary variables, there are also summary variables that output the control mode at which the field, groups and wells are being controlled. Table 11.2.7summarizes the mnemonics for the field and groups together with a description and the values written out to the SUMMARY file. + In addition to the production, injection, pressure, and productivity summary variables, there are also summary variables that output the control mode at which the field, groups and wells are being controlled. Table 11.2.7summarizes the mnemonics for the field and groups together with a description and the values written out to the SUMMARY file. @@ -16656,7 +16656,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.For both production and injection groups the mode of control set to negative if the rate was set by a higher group. - Note that the output to the SUMMARY file is the numeric values, whereas for the RSM file it is the mnemonics, that is: ORAT, WRAT, etc. + Note that the output to the SUMMARY file is the numeric values, whereas for the RSM file it is the mnemonics, that is: ORAT, WRAT, etc. See Table 11.2.8for an explanation of the mnemonics used in Table 11.2.7. @@ -17088,7 +17088,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Cells colored orange show combinations that are not available in OPM Flow because the underlying feature is not available. - Note that the output to the SUMMARY file is the numeric values, whereas for the RSM file it is the mnemonics, that is: PROD, INJ, etc. + Note that the output to the SUMMARY file is the numeric values, whereas for the RSM file it is the mnemonics, that is: PROD, INJ, etc. @@ -17313,7 +17313,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Flow-Reg - Gas Flow Total Inter-Region (+VE Liquid and Gas Phases) + Gas Flow Total Inter-Region (+VE Liquid and Gas Phases) GFT+ @@ -17336,7 +17336,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Flow-Reg - Gas Flow Total Inter-Region (-VE Liquid and Gas Phases) + Gas Flow Total Inter-Region (-VE Liquid and Gas Phases) GFT- @@ -17860,7 +17860,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Flow-Reg - Oil Flow Total Inter-Region (+VE Liquid and Gas Phases) + Oil Flow Total Inter-Region (+VE Liquid and Gas Phases) OFT+ @@ -17883,7 +17883,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Flow-Reg - Oil Flow Total Inter-Region (-VE Liquid and Gas Phases) + Oil Flow Total Inter-Region (-VE Liquid and Gas Phases) OFT- @@ -18741,7 +18741,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Bubble Point Pressure - PBUB + PBUB @@ -18810,7 +18810,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Dew Point - PDEW + PDEW @@ -19431,7 +19431,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Relative Permeability (Gas) - KRG + KRG @@ -19754,7 +19754,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Relative Permeability (Oil) - KRO + KRO @@ -20007,7 +20007,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Relative Permeability (Water) - KRW + KRW @@ -20168,7 +20168,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Gas-Oil Ratio - RS + RS FRS @@ -20191,7 +20191,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Oil-Gas Ratio - RV + RV FRV @@ -20603,7 +20603,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Volumes - Rock Compaction (Dual Porosity SIGMA Multiplier) + Rock Compaction (Dual Porosity SIGMA Multiplier) SIGMMOD @@ -21753,7 +21753,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.This feature has not been implemented in OPM Flow. Option Specific Variables – API and Tracer Tracking - The summary variables in this section are for use for when either the API tracking model has been activated by the API keyword in the RUNSPEC section so that the various “oil types” are tracked in the model, or for when the Tracer Model has been requested via the TRACERS keyword in the RUNSPEC section, that defines the number of tracers in the model and the various passive tracer tracking options. Currently, only the Tracer model is implemented in OPM Flow. + The summary variables in this section are for use for when either the API tracking model has been activated by the API keyword in the RUNSPEC section so that the various “oil types” are tracked in the model, or for when the Tracer Model has been requested via the TRACERS keyword in the RUNSPEC section, that defines the number of tracers in the model and the various passive tracer tracking options. Currently, only the Tracer model is implemented in OPM Flow. @@ -21768,7 +21768,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - API and Tracer Tracking Summary Variables + API and Tracer Tracking Summary Variables @@ -21815,10 +21815,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Flow - Oil API + Oil API - API + API FAPI @@ -21827,7 +21827,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.GAPI - WAPI + WAPI CAPI @@ -22681,7 +22681,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Note that for the tracer summary variables the mnemonic should be concatenated with the tracer name as defined by the TRACER keyword in the PROPS section. This keyword defines a series of passive tracers that are associated with a phase (oil, water, or gas) in the model, see the example for reference. Example - In the PROPS section the TRACER keyword defines four passive tracers one for a gas injection well, one for tracking the dissolved gas, and two to track the injected water from two water injection wells. + In the PROPS section the TRACER keyword defines four passive tracers one for a gas injection well, one for tracking the dissolved gas, and two to track the injected water from two water injection wells. -- ============================================================================== -- -- PROPS SECTION @@ -22701,7 +22701,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.'Iw2' 'WAT' / WAT INJECTOR 2 / - If we wish to report the field total amount of the tracers in-place we would use the following in the SUMMARY section: + If we wish to report the field total amount of the tracers in-place we would use the following in the SUMMARY section: -- ============================================================================== -- @@ -23617,7 +23617,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - CO2STORE/H2STORE Field, Group and Well Summary Variables + CO2STORE/H2STORE Field, Group and Well Summary Variables @@ -23795,7 +23795,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - CO2STORE/H2STORE Field, Region, and Block Summary Variables + CO2STORE/H2STORE Field, Region, and Block Summary Variables @@ -23889,7 +23889,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Mass - CO2/H2 Effectively Residual Trapped ('Stranded') in the gas phase + CO2/H2 Effectively Residual Trapped ('Stranded') in the gas phase GMST @@ -23909,7 +23909,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Mass - CO2/H2 Effectively Residual Untrapped ('Unstranded') in the gas phase + CO2/H2 Effectively Residual Untrapped ('Unstranded') in the gas phase GMUS @@ -24526,7 +24526,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Note that these are OPM Flow specific variables. Option Specific Variables – Foam Model Tracers - The Foam phase and model are activated via the FOAM keyword in the RUNSPEC section. Note in the commercial simulator the FOAM phase and model can be used in conjunction with the POLYMER and SURFACT phases; this is not the case for OPM Flow. OPM Flow’s FOAM phase and model is a standalone implementation and cannot be used in conjunction with the either the POLYMER or SURFACT phases. + The Foam phase and model are activated via the FOAM keyword in the RUNSPEC section. Note in the commercial simulator the FOAM phase and model can be used in conjunction with the POLYMER and SURFACT phases; this is not the case for OPM Flow. OPM Flow’s FOAM phase and model is a standalone implementation and cannot be used in conjunction with the either the POLYMER or SURFACT phases. @@ -25002,7 +25002,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Option Specific Variables – Gas Field Operations Model The Gas Field Operations model has not been implemented in OPM Flow. Option Specific Variables – Gas Lift Optimization Model - For the Gas Lift Optimization model only a few SUMMARY vectors are available, both in OPM Flow and the commercial simulator, as depicted in Table 11.2.16. Gas lift optimization is activated by the LIFTOPT keyword in the SCHEDULE section as gas lift activation can vary through time depending on the flow characteristics of the wells. + For the Gas Lift Optimization model only a few SUMMARY vectors are available, both in OPM Flow and the commercial simulator, as depicted in Table 11.2.16. Gas lift optimization is activated by the LIFTOPT keyword in the SCHEDULE section as gas lift activation can vary through time depending on the flow characteristics of the wells. @@ -25443,7 +25443,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Note that if gas lift optimization has been activated in the model then the gas production SUMMARY variables (FGPR, GGPR, WGPR, FGPT, etc.) only contain the produced gas volumes, that is the reported values exclude the gas associated with gas lift gas. + Note that if gas lift optimization has been activated in the model then the gas production SUMMARY variables (FGPR, GGPR, WGPR, FGPT, etc.) only contain the produced gas volumes, that is the reported values exclude the gas associated with gas lift gas. Secondly, the well gas lift rates are adjusted by the well efficiencies in the calculating the group and field gas lift rates. Option Specific Variables – Gas Calorific Value Reporting This feature has not been implemented in OPM Flow. @@ -25468,7 +25468,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Biofilm and MICP Model Summary Variables + Biofilm and MICP Model Summary Variables @@ -26682,16 +26682,16 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Property - API + API - API + API SAPI - API model. + API model. @@ -27171,7 +27171,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Care should be exercised when defaulting the list of wells and segments as there is the potential to generate large volumes of data. Option Specific Variables – Network Model - For the Network models only a few SUMMARY vectors for groups and nodes are available, both in OPM Flow and the commercial simulator, as depicted in Table 11.2.18. There are two types of network option in the simulator: a Standard Network and an Extended Network option, the latter is activated by the NETWORK keyword in the RUNSPEC section. The summary vectors apply to both the Standard and Extended Network options. + For the Network models only a few SUMMARY vectors for groups and nodes are available, both in OPM Flow and the commercial simulator, as depicted in Table 11.2.18. There are two types of network option in the simulator: a Standard Network and an Extended Network option, the latter is activated by the NETWORK keyword in the RUNSPEC section. The summary vectors apply to both the Standard and Extended Network options. @@ -27185,7 +27185,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Network Model Summary Variables + Network Model Summary Variables @@ -27691,7 +27691,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Table 11.2.18: Network Model Summary Variables Note that not all these variables are available in OPM Flow; however, the simulator will issue warning messages if this is indeed the case. It is anticipated that the number of recognized summary variables will increase in future releases of OPM Flow. Option Specific Variables – OPM Flow Simulation Performance - The following table (Table 11.2.19) lists the OPM Flow simulation performance summary variables that can be written to the SUMMARY file. Note that not all these variables are available in OPM Flow; however, the simulator will issue warning messages if this is indeed the case. It is anticipated that the number of recognized summary variables will increase in future releases of OPM Flow. + The following table (Table 11.2.19) lists the OPM Flow simulation performance summary variables that can be written to the SUMMARY file. Note that not all these variables are available in OPM Flow; however, the simulator will issue warning messages if this is indeed the case. It is anticipated that the number of recognized summary variables will increase in future releases of OPM Flow. @@ -27733,7 +27733,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.DTMWAIT - + @@ -27759,7 +27759,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.HLINEARS - + @@ -27772,7 +27772,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.HSUMLINS - + @@ -27811,7 +27811,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MAXDPR - + @@ -27824,7 +27824,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MAXDSG - + @@ -27837,7 +27837,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MAXDSO - + @@ -27850,7 +27850,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MAXDSW - + @@ -27876,12 +27876,12 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MEMORYTS - + - CPR Solver - Number of pressure iterations for each time step. + CPR Solver - Number of pressure iterations for each time step. @@ -27889,7 +27889,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MLINEARP - + @@ -27915,7 +27915,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MSUMBUG - + @@ -27928,7 +27928,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MSUMCOMM - + @@ -27941,12 +27941,12 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MSUMERR - + - CPR Solver - Cumulative number of pressure iterations. + CPR Solver - Cumulative number of pressure iterations. @@ -27954,7 +27954,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MSUMLINP - + @@ -27972,7 +27972,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Messages - Cumulative number of MESSAGES messages. + Messages - Cumulative number of MESSAGES messages. @@ -27980,7 +27980,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MSUMMESS - + @@ -28006,7 +28006,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MSUMPROB - + @@ -28019,7 +28019,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.MSUMWARN - + @@ -28045,13 +28045,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.NBYTOT - + - CPR Solver - Average number of pressure iterations per linear iteration for each time step. + CPR Solver - Average number of pressure iterations per linear iteration for each time step. @@ -28059,7 +28059,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.NCPRLINS - + @@ -28082,7 +28082,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - NEWTON + NEWTON @@ -28090,7 +28090,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - CPR Solver - Average number of pressure iterations per Newton iteration per time step. + CPR Solver - Average number of pressure iterations per Newton iteration per time step. @@ -28098,7 +28098,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.NLINEARP - + @@ -28111,7 +28111,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.NLINEARS - For runs with LGRs, LLINEARS will automatically be exported for each LGR. + For runs with LGRs, LLINEARS will automatically be exported for each LGR. @@ -28255,7 +28255,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. No data written to file. - Note if the RUNSUM keyword has been activated in the SUMMARY section, then the mnemonics are written to the RSM file instead of integer values. + Note if the RUNSUM keyword has been activated in the SUMMARY section, then the mnemonics are written to the RSM file instead of integer values. @@ -28278,7 +28278,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - INIT + INIT Initial time step. @@ -28411,7 +28411,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.PCHP - Time step chopped due to maximum pressure change in IMPES formulation. + Time step chopped due to maximum pressure change in IMPES formulation. @@ -28437,7 +28437,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.LGRC - Determined by LGR fluid in-place error targets. + Determined by LGR fluid in-place error targets. @@ -28447,7 +28447,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.14 - SURF + SURF Set by maximum expected grid block surfactant concentration change. @@ -28700,7 +28700,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.TCPUH - + @@ -28713,12 +28713,12 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.TCPUHT - + - CPU - Cumulative CPU time used in SCHEDULE section. + CPU - Cumulative CPU time used in SCHEDULE section. @@ -28726,7 +28726,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.TCPUSCH - + @@ -28752,7 +28752,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.TCPUTSH - + @@ -28765,7 +28765,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.TCPUTSHT - + @@ -28830,7 +28830,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.TELAPDAY - + @@ -28856,7 +28856,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.TELAPTS - + @@ -28882,7 +28882,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.WNEWTON - + @@ -28895,7 +28895,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.ZIPEFF - + @@ -28908,7 +28908,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.ZIPEFFC - + @@ -28934,7 +28934,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 11.2.19: OPM Flow Simulator Performance Summary Variables - See also the PERFORMA and NMESSAGE keywords in section Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not foundthat write out a selection of the variables in Table 11.2.19. + See also the PERFORMA and NMESSAGE keywords in section Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not foundthat write out a selection of the variables in Table 11.2.19. @@ -29136,7 +29136,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Polymer Production Rate - CPR + CPR FCPR @@ -29357,7 +29357,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Property - Polymer Adsorbed (PLYTRRFA) + Polymer Adsorbed (PLYTRRFA) CABnnn @@ -29605,7 +29605,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.BCDCR - + @@ -29734,7 +29734,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.BFLOW0I - Multiplied by the corresponding shear multiplier (PLYSHLOG and PLYSHEAR options only). + Multiplied by the corresponding shear multiplier (PLYSHLOG and PLYSHEAR options only). @@ -30813,7 +30813,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Option Specific Variables – Thermal Model - The temperature option (TEMP keyword in the RUNSPEC section) and the thermal option (THERMAL keyword in the RUNSPEC section) are two separate modeling facilities in the commercial simulator, although some keywords can be used by both options. OPM Flow’s thermal implementation is based on solving the energy equation fully coupled with the black-oil equations so the results are not directly equivalent to the commercial simulator’s black-oil TEMP or compositional THERMAL formulations. The THERMAL keyword is used to invoke OPM Flow’s thermal option. The summary variables for this option are listed in Table 11.2.22. + The temperature option (TEMP keyword in the RUNSPEC section) and the thermal option (THERMAL keyword in the RUNSPEC section) are two separate modeling facilities in the commercial simulator, although some keywords can be used by both options. OPM Flow’s thermal implementation is based on solving the energy equation fully coupled with the black-oil equations so the results are not directly equivalent to the commercial simulator’s black-oil TEMP or compositional THERMAL formulations. The THERMAL keyword is used to invoke OPM Flow’s thermal option. The summary variables for this option are listed in Table 11.2.22. Note that not all these variables are available in OPM Flow; however, the simulator will issue warning messages if this is indeed the case. It is anticipated that the number of recognized summary variables will increase in future releases of OPM Flow. @@ -31162,7 +31162,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. See the THERMAL keyword in the RUNSPEC section for additional information on this feature. Option Specific Variables – User Define Quantities - The UDQ keyword in the SCHEDULE section defines variables and operations used to access the User Defined Quantities features in OPM Flow. UDQ variables can be constants, summary variables, as defined in the SUMMARY section,or a formula using various mathematical functions together with constants and summary variables. + The UDQ keyword in the SCHEDULE section defines variables and operations used to access the User Defined Quantities features in OPM Flow. UDQ variables can be constants, summary variables, as defined in the SUMMARY section,or a formula using various mathematical functions together with constants and summary variables. The variable names defined by the UDQ keyword in the SCHEDULE section consist of a character string of up to eight characters in length, which stipulates the name of the user defined variable based on the type of variable. The variable type is defined by the first two characters of the variable name and must be set to one of the following: @@ -31198,7 +31198,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - The summary variable format for UDQ defined variables is presented in Table 11.2.23. + The summary variable format for UDQ defined variables is presented in Table 11.2.23. @@ -31250,7 +31250,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - UDQ Variable + UDQ Variable XXXXXX @@ -31279,7 +31279,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Notes: - Where FUXXXXXX, GUXXXXXX, and so forth are the variable names defined by the UDQ keyword in the SCHEDULE section. + Where FUXXXXXX, GUXXXXXX, and so forth are the variable names defined by the UDQ keyword in the SCHEDULE section. Output of aquifer (AU) and block (BU) summary variables is not supported. @@ -31300,7 +31300,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.The following example illustrates the use of this type of summary variable. Examples - The example shows how to define some constant field variables used for calculating facilities corrected condensate yields in a wet gas model in the SCHEDULE section. The corrected condensate rate is stored as variable named FU_FNGLR. + The example shows how to define some constant field variables used for calculating facilities corrected condensate yields in a wet gas model in the SCHEDULE section. The corrected condensate rate is stored as variable named FU_FNGLR. -- ============================================================================== -- -- SCHEDULE SECTION @@ -31324,7 +31324,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. / DEFINE END OF USER DEFINED QUANTITY SECTION - In order to report the field corrected condensate values, one would declare FU_FNGLR in the SUMMARY section, as shown below. + In order to report the field corrected condensate values, one would declare FU_FNGLR in the SUMMARY section, as shown below. -- ============================================================================== -- -- SUMMARY SECTION @@ -31349,7 +31349,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.GPO2 / - Assuming of course that WU_FNGLR was defined in the SCHEDULE section. + Assuming of course that WU_FNGLR was defined in the SCHEDULE section. Option Specific Variables – Wellbore Friction model This feature has not been implemented in OPM Flow. diff --git a/parts/chapters/sections/12/2.fodt b/parts/chapters/sections/12/2.fodt index b8f2eece..306ad45e 100644 --- a/parts/chapters/sections/12/2.fodt +++ b/parts/chapters/sections/12/2.fodt @@ -4924,7 +4924,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Data Requirements - Apart from the keywords that advance the simulator through time (the DATES, TIME, and TSTEP keywords), the minimum required data is associated with defining a well (WELSPECS), defining a well’s connection to the reservoir (COMPDAT), and the operating and production targets and constraints for the well (WCONHIST, WCONPROD, WCONINJH, or WCONINJE). Well connections can be “grouped” into completions using the COMPLUMP keyword to represent actual physical well completions in the model. Wells can either operate independently or under group control. That is when a well is allocated to a group, then the group can dictate how the wells in the group under group control are operated. For example, a group may have production targets and constraints and all wells under group control within the group will be operated in such a manner as to satisfy the group’s targets and constraints. Note that wells can belong to a group but do not necessary have to be under group control. The top level group, level one, has the name FIELD and under this level can be wells, groups, and sub groups to the higher level groups. By default three group levels are defined that sets the wells as level three, reporting directly to defined groups at level two, and the level two groups reporting to the FIELD group at level one. If a different configuration is required, then the GRUPTREE keyword should be used to define the group hierarchy by defining a lower level group that reports directly to a higher level group. + Apart from the keywords that advance the simulator through time (the DATES, TIME, and TSTEP keywords), the minimum required data is associated with defining a well (WELSPECS), defining a well’s connection to the reservoir (COMPDAT), and the operating and production targets and constraints for the well (WCONHIST, WCONPROD, WCONINJH, or WCONINJE). Well connections can be “grouped” into completions using the COMPLUMP keyword to represent actual physical well completions in the model. Wells can either operate independently or under group control. That is when a well is allocated to a group, then the group can dictate how the wells in the group under group control are operated. For example, a group may have production targets and constraints and all wells under group control within the group will be operated in such a manner as to satisfy the group’s targets and constraints. Note that wells can belong to a group but do not necessary have to be under group control. The top level group, level one, has the name FIELD and under this level can be wells, groups, and sub groups to the higher level groups. By default three group levels are defined that sets the wells as level three, reporting directly to defined groups at level two, and the level two groups reporting to the FIELD group at level one. If a different configuration is required, then the GRUPTREE keyword should be used to define the group hierarchy by defining a lower level group that reports directly to a higher level group. The major well specification keywords are summarized in Table 12.1for ease of reference. @@ -4955,22 +4955,22 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Vertical Flow Tubing Performance Table Specification - VFPINJ + VFPINJ - VFPINJ – Define Injection Vertical Flow Performance Tables. VFPINJ declares similar data to VFPPROD but for injection wells. + VFPINJ – Define Injection Vertical Flow Performance Tables. VFPINJ declares similar data to VFPPROD but for injection wells. - VFPPROD + VFPPROD - VFPPROD – Define Production Vertical Flow Performance Tables. The VFPPROD keyword defines production Vertical Flow Performance (“VFP”) tables that are used to determine the outflow or downstream pressure based on the inlet or upstream pressure and the phases flowing through the system. For a well this means the table relates the flowing bottom-hole pressure (“FBHP”) to the well’s tubing head pressure (“THP”) based on the oil, gas, and water rates (and any artificial lift quantities like gas lift gas), or phases ratios, flowing up the wellbore. + VFPPROD – Define Production Vertical Flow Performance Tables. The VFPPROD keyword defines production Vertical Flow Performance (“VFP”) tables that are used to determine the outflow or downstream pressure based on the inlet or upstream pressure and the phases flowing through the system. For a well this means the table relates the flowing bottom-hole pressure (“FBHP”) to the well’s tubing head pressure (“THP”) based on the oil, gas, and water rates (and any artificial lift quantities like gas lift gas), or phases ratios, flowing up the wellbore. @@ -4979,10 +4979,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.‍ - WELSPECS + WELSPECS - WELSPECS – Define Well Specifications. The WELSPECS keyword defines the general well specification data for all well types, and must be used for all wells before any other well specification keywords are used in the input file. The keyword declares the name of the well, the initial group the well belongs to, the wellhead location and other key parameters. + WELSPECS – Define Well Specifications. The WELSPECS keyword defines the general well specification data for all well types, and must be used for all wells before any other well specification keywords are used in the input file. The keyword declares the name of the well, the initial group the well belongs to, the wellhead location and other key parameters. @@ -4992,39 +4992,39 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.‍ - COMPDAT + COMPDAT - COMPDAT – Define Well Connections to the Grid. COMPDAT defines how a well is connected to the reservoir by defining or modifying existing well connections. + COMPDAT – Define Well Connections to the Grid. COMPDAT defines how a well is connected to the reservoir by defining or modifying existing well connections. - COMPLUMP + COMPLUMP - COMPLUMP – Assign Well Connections to Completions. The COMPLUMP keyword assigns connections, as defined by the COMPDAT keyword, to completion intervals. This “lumping” or “grouping” of the connections to various completion intervals allows automatic workovers and economic criteria to be applied to the completions (that is a set of connections) as opposed to the individual connections. + COMPLUMP – Assign Well Connections to Completions. The COMPLUMP keyword assigns connections, as defined by the COMPDAT keyword, to completion intervals. This “lumping” or “grouping” of the connections to various completion intervals allows automatic workovers and economic criteria to be applied to the completions (that is a set of connections) as opposed to the individual connections. - COMPTRAJ + COMPTRAJ - COMPTRAJ – Define Well Trajectory Connections to the Grid. COMPTRAJ keyword defines how a well that has been declared as a trajectory well, using the WELTRAJ keyword, is connected to the reservoir model by defining or modifying existing well perforation depths. The keyword can only be used for wells defined by the WELTRAJ keyword, + COMPTRAJ – Define Well Trajectory Connections to the Grid. COMPTRAJ keyword defines how a well that has been declared as a trajectory well, using the WELTRAJ keyword, is connected to the reservoir model by defining or modifying existing well perforation depths. The keyword can only be used for wells defined by the WELTRAJ keyword, This is an OPM Flow specific keyword and will therefore cause an error in the commercial simulator. - WELTRAJ + WELTRAJ - WELTRAJ – Define Well Trajectory Data. WELTRAJ defines a trajectory well together with the well trajectory data, and is used in conjunction with the COMPTRAJ keyword to define the well connections to the simulation grid blocks. The keyword can only be used for trajectory wells that employ the COMPTRAJ keyword to define the connections to the grid, + WELTRAJ – Define Well Trajectory Data. WELTRAJ defines a trajectory well together with the well trajectory data, and is used in conjunction with the COMPTRAJ keyword to define the well connections to the simulation grid blocks. The keyword can only be used for trajectory wells that employ the COMPTRAJ keyword to define the connections to the grid, This is an OPM Flow specific keyword and will therefore cause an error in the commercial simulator. @@ -5033,22 +5033,22 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Historical Production and Injection Data - WCONHIST + WCONHIST - WCONHIST – Define Well Historical Production Rates and Pressures. WCONHIST defines production rates and pressures for wells that have been declared history matching wells by the use of this keyword. History matching wells are handled differently than ordinary wells that use the WCONPROD keyword for controlling their production targets and constraints. + WCONHIST – Define Well Historical Production Rates and Pressures. WCONHIST defines production rates and pressures for wells that have been declared history matching wells by the use of this keyword. History matching wells are handled differently than ordinary wells that use the WCONPROD keyword for controlling their production targets and constraints. - WCONINJH + WCONINJH - WCONINJH – Well Historical Observed Injection Rates and Pressures. WCONINJH declares similar data as the WCONHIST keyword but for injection wells. + WCONINJH – Well Historical Observed Injection Rates and Pressures. WCONINJH declares similar data as the WCONHIST keyword but for injection wells. @@ -5056,19 +5056,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Predictive Production and Injection Data - WCONPROD + WCONPROD - WCONPROD – Define Well Production Targets and Constraints. The WCONPROD keyword defines production targets and constraints for wells that have previously been defined by the WELSPECS keyword. + WCONPROD – Define Well Production Targets and Constraints. The WCONPROD keyword defines production targets and constraints for wells that have previously been defined by the WELSPECS keyword. - WCONINJE + WCONINJE - WCONINJE – Well Injection Targets and Constraints. WCONINJE declares similar data as the WCONPROD keyword but for injection wells. + WCONINJE – Well Injection Targets and Constraints. WCONINJE declares similar data as the WCONPROD keyword but for injection wells. @@ -5076,57 +5076,57 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Well Control - WELCNTL + WELCNTL - WELCNTL – Modify Well Control and Targets. The WELCNTL keyword modifies a well’s target control and value, both rates and pressures, for previously defined wells without having to define all the variables on the well control keywords: WCONPROD, WCONHIST, WCONINJE, or WCONINJH keywords. - See also the WELTARG keyword below. + WELCNTL – Modify Well Control and Targets. The WELCNTL keyword modifies a well’s target control and value, both rates and pressures, for previously defined wells without having to define all the variables on the well control keywords: WCONPROD, WCONHIST, WCONINJE, or WCONINJH keywords. + See also the WELTARG keyword below. - WECON + WECON - WECON – Well Economic Criteria for Production Wells. WECON defines the economic criteria for production wells that have previously been defined by the WELSPECS and WCONPROD keywords. + WECON – Well Economic Criteria for Production Wells. WECON defines the economic criteria for production wells that have previously been defined by the WELSPECS and WCONPROD keywords. - WEFAC + WEFAC - WEFAC – Define Well Efficiency. WEFAC defines a well’s efficiency or up-time factor as opposed to setting the efficiency factors at the group level. + WEFAC – Define Well Efficiency. WEFAC defines a well’s efficiency or up-time factor as opposed to setting the efficiency factors at the group level. - WHISTCTL + WHISTCTL - WHISTCTL - Define Well Historical Target Phase. The WHISTCTL keyword changes the target control phase for wells declared as history match wells via the WCONHIST keyword. The target phase is set on the WCONHIST keyword and WHISTCTL overrides this value for all subsequent entries on the WCONHIST keyword. + WHISTCTL - Define Well Historical Target Phase. The WHISTCTL keyword changes the target control phase for wells declared as history match wells via the WCONHIST keyword. The target phase is set on the WCONHIST keyword and WHISTCTL overrides this value for all subsequent entries on the WCONHIST keyword. - WELOPEN + WELOPEN - WELOPEN – Define Well and Well Connections Flowing Status. WELOPEN defines the status of wells and the well connections, and is used to open and shut previously defined wells and well connections without having to re-specify all the data on the well control keywords: WCONPROD, WCONHIST, WCONINJE, or WCONINJH keywords. + WELOPEN – Define Well and Well Connections Flowing Status. WELOPEN defines the status of wells and the well connections, and is used to open and shut previously defined wells and well connections without having to re-specify all the data on the well control keywords: WCONPROD, WCONHIST, WCONINJE, or WCONINJH keywords. - WELTARG + WELTARG - WELTARG – Modify Well Target and Constraint Values. The WELTARG keyword modifies the target and constraints values of both rates and pressures for previously defined wells without having to define all the variables on the well control keywords: WCONPROD, WCONHIST, WCONINJE, or WCONINJH keywords. - See also the WELCNTL keyword above. + WELTARG – Modify Well Target and Constraint Values. The WELTARG keyword modifies the target and constraints values of both rates and pressures for previously defined wells without having to define all the variables on the well control keywords: WCONPROD, WCONHIST, WCONINJE, or WCONINJH keywords. + See also the WELCNTL keyword above. @@ -5135,20 +5135,20 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Well Productivity Adjustments (Normally used in History Matching) - WELPI + WELPI - WELPI – Define Well Productivity and Injectivity Indices. WELPI is used to define a well’s productivity or injectivity index and the values entered on this keyword for a given well will override any previously calculated values, or values previously entered using this keyword. + WELPI – Define Well Productivity and Injectivity Indices. WELPI is used to define a well’s productivity or injectivity index and the values entered on this keyword for a given well will override any previously calculated values, or values previously entered using this keyword. - WPIMULT + WPIMULT - WPIMULT – Define Well Connection Multipliers. The WPIMULT keyword defines a well connection multiplier factor that scales the existing well connection values. The resulting effect is to scale the well’s productivity at the reporting time step the keyword is entered. + WPIMULT – Define Well Connection Multipliers. The WPIMULT keyword defines a well connection multiplier factor that scales the existing well connection values. The resulting effect is to scale the well’s productivity at the reporting time step the keyword is entered. @@ -5166,7 +5166,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 12.1: Major Well Specification Keywords - Wells are initially allocated to groups via the WELSPECS keyword and groups have a similar set of keywords as for wells, as outlined in Table 12.2. However only a limited set of keywords have been implemented in OPM Flow compared with the commercial simulator’s set of keywords. + Wells are initially allocated to groups via the WELSPECS keyword and groups have a similar set of keywords as for wells, as outlined in Table 12.2. However only a limited set of keywords have been implemented in OPM Flow compared with the commercial simulator’s set of keywords. @@ -5196,10 +5196,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Group Specification - GRUPTREE + GRUPTREE - GRUPTREE – Define Group Tree Hierarchy. GRUPTREE defines the hierarchy of groups that have been created by having wells assigned to them via the WELSPECS keyword. By default three group levels are defined that sets the wells as level three, reporting directly to defined groups at level two, and the level two groups reporting to the FIELD group at level one. + GRUPTREE – Define Group Tree Hierarchy. GRUPTREE defines the hierarchy of groups that have been created by having wells assigned to them via the WELSPECS keyword. By default three group levels are defined that sets the wells as level three, reporting directly to defined groups at level two, and the level two groups reporting to the FIELD group at level one. @@ -5207,19 +5207,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Predictive Production and Injection Data - GCONPROD + GCONPROD - GCONPROD – Group Production Targets and Constraints. The GCONPROD keyword defines production targets and constraints for groups, including the top most group in the group hierarchy known as the FIELD group. + GCONPROD – Group Production Targets and Constraints. The GCONPROD keyword defines production targets and constraints for groups, including the top most group in the group hierarchy known as the FIELD group. - GCONINJE + GCONINJE - GCONINJE – Group Injection Targets and Constraints. GCONINJE declares similar data as for GCONPROD but for group injection targets and constraints. + GCONINJE – Group Injection Targets and Constraints. GCONINJE declares similar data as for GCONPROD but for group injection targets and constraints. @@ -5227,28 +5227,28 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Group Control - GECON + GECON - GECON – Group Economic Criteria for Production Groups. The GECON keyword defines economic criteria for production groups, including the field level group FIELD, that have previously been defined by the WELSPECS and GCONPROD keyword. + GECON – Group Economic Criteria for Production Groups. The GECON keyword defines economic criteria for production groups, including the field level group FIELD, that have previously been defined by the WELSPECS and GCONPROD keyword. - GEFAC + GEFAC - GEFAC – Define Group Efficiency. GEFAC defines a group’s efficiency or up-time factor as opposed to setting the efficiency factors for individual wells. + GEFAC – Define Group Efficiency. GEFAC defines a group’s efficiency or up-time factor as opposed to setting the efficiency factors for individual wells. - GRUPTARG + GRUPTARG - GRUPTARG – Modify Group Targets and Constraints Values. GRUPTARG keyword modifies the production targets and constraints of both rates and pressures for previously defined groups without having to define all the variables on the group production control keywords: GCONPROD or GCONPRI keywords. + GRUPTARG – Modify Group Targets and Constraints Values. GRUPTARG keyword modifies the production targets and constraints of both rates and pressures for previously defined groups without having to define all the variables on the group production control keywords: GCONPROD or GCONPRI keywords. @@ -5293,40 +5293,40 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Control RS and RV Behavior + Control RS and RV Behavior - DRSDT + DRSDT - DRSDT – Solution Gas (Rs) Maximum Rate of Increase Parameters. DRSDT defines the maximum rate at which the solution gas-oil ratio (Rs) can be increased in a grid cell. The keyword is similar in functionality to the DRSDTR keyword, that defines the maximum rate at which Rs can be increased in a grid cell by region. + DRSDT – Solution Gas (Rs) Maximum Rate of Increase Parameters. DRSDT defines the maximum rate at which the solution gas-oil ratio (Rs) can be increased in a grid cell. The keyword is similar in functionality to the DRSDTR keyword, that defines the maximum rate at which Rs can be increased in a grid cell by region. - DRSDTR + DRSDTR - DRSDTR – Solution Gas (Rs) Maximum Rate of Increase Parameters by Region. DRSDTR defines the maximum rate at which the solution gas-oil ratio (Rs) can be increased in a grid cell for various regions in the model. The keyword is similar in functionality to the DRSDT keyword, that defines the maximum rate at which Rs can be increased in a grid cell for all cells in the model. + DRSDTR – Solution Gas (Rs) Maximum Rate of Increase Parameters by Region. DRSDTR defines the maximum rate at which the solution gas-oil ratio (Rs) can be increased in a grid cell for various regions in the model. The keyword is similar in functionality to the DRSDT keyword, that defines the maximum rate at which Rs can be increased in a grid cell for all cells in the model. - DRVDT + DRVDT - DRVDT – Solution Oil (Rv) Maximum Rate of Increase Parameters. DRVDT defines the maximum rate at which the solution oil-gas ratio or condensate-gas ratio (Rv) can be increased in a grid cell. The keyword is similar in functionality to the DRVDTR keyword, that defines the maximum rate at which Rv can be increased in a grid cell by region. + DRVDT – Solution Oil (Rv) Maximum Rate of Increase Parameters. DRVDT defines the maximum rate at which the solution oil-gas ratio or condensate-gas ratio (Rv) can be increased in a grid cell. The keyword is similar in functionality to the DRVDTR keyword, that defines the maximum rate at which Rv can be increased in a grid cell by region. - DRVDTR + DRVDTR - DRVDTR – Solution Oil (Rv) Maximum Rate of Increase Parameters by Region. DRVDTR defines the maximum rate at which the solution oil-gas ratio or condensate-gas ratio (Rv) can be increased in a grid cell for various regions in the model. The keyword is similar in functionality to the DRVDT keyword, that defines the maximum rate at which Rv can be increased in a grid cell for all cells in the model. + DRVDTR – Solution Oil (Rv) Maximum Rate of Increase Parameters by Region. DRVDTR defines the maximum rate at which the solution oil-gas ratio or condensate-gas ratio (Rv) can be increased in a grid cell for various regions in the model. The keyword is similar in functionality to the DRVDT keyword, that defines the maximum rate at which Rv can be increased in a grid cell for all cells in the model. @@ -5334,28 +5334,28 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Schedule Advancement - DATES + DATES - DATES – Advance Simulation by Reporting Date. DATES advances the simulation to a given report date after which additional keywords may be entered to instruct OPM Flow to perform additional functions via the SCHEDULE section keywords, or further DATES keywords may be entered to advance the simulator to the next report date. + DATES – Advance Simulation by Reporting Date. DATES advances the simulation to a given report date after which additional keywords may be entered to instruct OPM Flow to perform additional functions via the SCHEDULE section keywords, or further DATES keywords may be entered to advance the simulator to the next report date. - TIME + TIME - TIME – Advance Simulation by Cumulative Reporting Time. TIME advances the simulation to a given cumulative report time after which additional keywords may be entered to instruct OPM Flow to perform additional functions via the SCHEDULE section keywords, or further TIME keywords may be entered to advance the simulator to the next report time. + TIME – Advance Simulation by Cumulative Reporting Time. TIME advances the simulation to a given cumulative report time after which additional keywords may be entered to instruct OPM Flow to perform additional functions via the SCHEDULE section keywords, or further TIME keywords may be entered to advance the simulator to the next report time. - TSTEP + TSTEP - TSTEP – Advance Simulation by Reporting Time. TSTEP keyword advances the simulation to a given report time after which additional keywords may be entered to instruct OPM Flow to perform additional functions via the SCHEDULE section keywords, or further TSTEP keywords may be entered to advance the simulator to the next report time + TSTEP – Advance Simulation by Reporting Time. TSTEP keyword advances the simulation to a given report time after which additional keywords may be entered to instruct OPM Flow to perform additional functions via the SCHEDULE section keywords, or further TSTEP keywords may be entered to advance the simulator to the next report time @@ -5363,19 +5363,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Schedule Advancement Control - TUNING + TUNING - TUNING - Numerical Tuning Control. TUNING defines the parameters used for controlling the commercial simulator’s numerical convergence parameters for the global grid. The keyword is mostly ignored by OPM Flow; however, the simulator can be instructed to read the TUNING keyword if the appropriate command line parameter has been activated (see section 2.2Running OPM Flow 2023-04 From The Command Line). + TUNING - Numerical Tuning Control. TUNING defines the parameters used for controlling the commercial simulator’s numerical convergence parameters for the global grid. The keyword is mostly ignored by OPM Flow; however, the simulator can be instructed to read the TUNING keyword if the appropriate command line parameter has been activated (see section 2.2Running OPM Flow 2023-04 From The Command Line). - NEXTSTEP + NEXTSTEP - NEXTSTEP – Maximum Next Time Step Size . NEXTSTEP defines the maximum time step size the simulator should take for the next time step. This keyword can be used to reset the time step for when known large changes to the model are taking place that may result in time step chops. + NEXTSTEP – Maximum Next Time Step Size . NEXTSTEP defines the maximum time step size the simulator should take for the next time step. This keyword can be used to reset the time step for when known large changes to the model are taking place that may result in time step chops. @@ -5383,19 +5383,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Reporting - RPTSCHED + RPTSCHED - RPTSCHED – Define SCHEDULE Section Reporting. RPTSCHED keyword defines the data in the SCHEDULE section that is to be printed to the output print file in human readable format. + RPTSCHED – Define SCHEDULE Section Reporting. RPTSCHED keyword defines the data in the SCHEDULE section that is to be printed to the output print file in human readable format. - RPTRST + RPTRST - RPTRST – Define Data to be Written to the RESTART File. RPTRST keyword defines the data and frequency of the data to be written to the RESTART file at each requested restart point. In addition to the solution data arrays required to restart a run, the user may request additional data to be written to the restart file for visualization in OPM ResInsight. + RPTRST – Define Data to be Written to the RESTART File. RPTRST keyword defines the data and frequency of the data to be written to the RESTART file at each requested restart point. In addition to the solution data arrays required to restart a run, the user may request additional data to be written to the restart file for visualization in OPM ResInsight. @@ -5413,8 +5413,8 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 12.3: Schedule Advancement, Control, and Reporting Keywords - In terms of structuring the format of the keywords in the SCHEDULE section it is advisable to declared all the VLP tables, wells and groups at the start of SCHEDULE section as oppose to declaring the items as they are needed, or when they come on stream at various times during the simulation. This produces a cleaner input deck and tends to limit unforeseen errors, as all items are declared upfront and only the operational changes (opening wells, changing group and well targets, etc.) are needed. The example SCHEDULE section given on the following pages illustrates a typical SCHEDULE based on this philosophy. - The first segment of the example shows the start of the SCHEDULE section and the group definitions and controls. Here there are group controls only at the FIELD level and there are both production and injection rate targets, as well as water and liquid handling constraints applied on the FIELD level. These keywords are activated from the start of the simulation as set by the START keyword in the RUNSPEC section, in this case January 1, 2020. + In terms of structuring the format of the keywords in the SCHEDULE section it is advisable to declared all the VLP tables, wells and groups at the start of SCHEDULE section as oppose to declaring the items as they are needed, or when they come on stream at various times during the simulation. This produces a cleaner input deck and tends to limit unforeseen errors, as all items are declared upfront and only the operational changes (opening wells, changing group and well targets, etc.) are needed. The example SCHEDULE section given on the following pages illustrates a typical SCHEDULE based on this philosophy. + The first segment of the example shows the start of the SCHEDULE section and the group definitions and controls. Here there are group controls only at the FIELD level and there are both production and injection rate targets, as well as water and liquid handling constraints applied on the FIELD level. These keywords are activated from the start of the simulation as set by the START keyword in the RUNSPEC section, in this case January 1, 2020. -- ============================================================================== -- @@ -5442,8 +5442,8 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.-- NAME MODE RATE RATE RATE RATE OPT CNTL RATE DEF WAT GCONPROD FIELD GRAT 1* 8E3 125E3 10E3 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* / - / - + / + -- -- GROUP INJECTION TARGETS AND CONSTRAINTS -- @@ -5451,11 +5451,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.-- NAME TYPE MODE RATE RATE FRAC FRAC CNTL RATE DEF REINJ RESV GCONINJE FIELD GAS RATE 100E3 1* 1* 1.0 YES 1* 1* 1* 1* / - / - - The next segment covers the well specification and includes the loading of the VFP tables via include files, declaring the wells using the WELSPECS keyword, and connecting the wells to the reservoir using the COMPDAT keyword. In addition, the COMPLUMP keyword is invoked to assign the well connections to well completions. + / + + The next segment covers the well specification and includes the loading of the VFP tables via include files, declaring the wells using the WELSPECS keyword, and connecting the wells to the reservoir using the COMPDAT keyword. In addition, the COMPLUMP keyword is invoked to assign the well connections to well completions. In multi-stacked reservoirs it is a good idea to associate the same completion number with a given reservoir for all the wells. So for example completion number one is always associated with the Lower Talang Akar Formation Unit A, completion number two with the Lower Talang Akar Formation Unit B, and completion number three with the Upper Talang Akar Formation Unit C, etc. In this way one can easily identify which zone a well is producing from or completed in. - Finally, the WCONPROD keyword is used to define the operating conditions for the gas producers (GP01and GP02) and to assign the VFP tables to the producing wells. Whereas the WCONINJE keyword performs a similar function for the single gas injector, GI01. + Finally, the WCONPROD keyword is used to define the operating conditions for the gas producers (GP01and GP02) and to assign the VFP tables to the producing wells. Whereas the WCONINJE keyword performs a similar function for the single gas injector, GI01. Notice also the well naming convention that easily identifies the type of well: the letter G for a gas well, O for an oil well, and W for a water well, and the function of the well, P for a producer and I for an injector. -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- WELL SPECIFICATIONS AND COMPLETIONS @@ -5519,7 +5519,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.GI01 GAS SHUT RATE 125E3 1* 10E3 1* 1* / / - The final part of the well specification segment is shown below and sets the well efficiency for the wells via the WEFAC keyword, the producing wells economic limits via the WECON keyword, and then advances the simulation to January 25, 2020. Thus, there is no production up to January 25, 2020 as all the wells are shut-in. + The final part of the well specification segment is shown below and sets the well efficiency for the wells via the WEFAC keyword, the producing wells economic limits via the WECON keyword, and then advances the simulation to January 25, 2020. Thus, there is no production up to January 25, 2020 as all the wells are shut-in. -- -- WELL EFFICIENCY FACTORS -- @@ -5539,7 +5539,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.DATES 25 JAN 2020 / / - On January 25, 2020 yearly restarts are requested (RPTRST) together with various printed reports (RPTSCHED), as well as the maximum time step size of 31 days being set via the TUNING keyword. More importantly, well GP01 is opened together with completion number one to put the well on production. Note that one needs to open both the well and the completion; hence, the two lines in the WELOPEN keyword. + On January 25, 2020 yearly restarts are requested (RPTRST) together with various printed reports (RPTSCHED), as well as the maximum time step size of 31 days being set via the TUNING keyword. More importantly, well GP01 is opened together with completion number one to put the well on production. Note that one needs to open both the well and the completion; hence, the two lines in the WELOPEN keyword. -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- SCHEDULE SECTION FOR PHASE 1 DEVELOPMENT -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ @@ -5572,8 +5572,8 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.DATES 1 FEB 2020 / / - On February 1, 2020 further SCHEDULE keywords are processed. The first keyword is the RPTSCHED keyword that in this case switches off all reports printed to the *.PRT file, as only annual reports are required for this particular model. - Next the gas producer GP02 is put on production using two statements in the WELOPEN keyword, and the simulator is requested to advance to report time step of March 1, 2020. + On February 1, 2020 further SCHEDULE keywords are processed. The first keyword is the RPTSCHED keyword that in this case switches off all reports printed to the *.PRT file, as only annual reports are required for this particular model. + Next the gas producer GP02 is put on production using two statements in the WELOPEN keyword, and the simulator is requested to advance to report time step of March 1, 2020. -- -- DEFINE SCHEDULE SECTION REPORT OPTION -- @@ -5650,10 +5650,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Note also that not all production volumes have the same level of quality assurance. Product streams that are sold are going to have a higher level of quality assurance because they have value, compared with production streams that are disposed off or re-injected, as they have no value. Thus, in an oil field selling the produced oil but flaring or re-injecting the produced gas, the oil volumes will be back allocated based on “ticketed sales”, and thus the field volumes are reasonable certain. However, even here there are uncertainties associated with allocating production volumes back to the individual wells and well completions. As the gas volumes are not sold they have no value and thus have greater uncertainty than the oil volumes, especially when back allocating back to the wells. History matching is an iterative process, in which steps are repeated a number of times with variations in reservoir characterization (permeability, pore volume, relative permeability modifications, etc.), until a reasonable match is obtained. There are no precise rules for conducting a history match but the methodology is well established. Generally one first matches pressures globally, then overall saturations (and well rates), and repeat until an overall match is achieved, as the process of matching pressures also effects the saturations and vice versa. Which is why this is an iterative process. This methodology is then repeated on a regional level until the process is complete and reasonable matches have been obtained at the field, region, and well levels. - Generally, group control, targets, and constraints are not utilized in the history matching part of a simulation study. Instead, the WCONHIST keyword is used to enter the well production (oil, gas, and water rates), pressure data (BHP and THP when available), and VFP table assignment, on a well by well basis and on discrete time intervals, normally monthly. WCONHIST allows one to set the “target” phase and rate the well will attempt to produce at, if possible, and to produce the other phases that come with the target rate. That is there are no constraints applied to the other phases, unlike when using the WCONPROD keyword. If well productivity has been matched then the target phase rates will be satisfied and the quality of the history match is determined by the accuracy of the other phases, together with the pressure match. Thus, in an oil field the target phase will normally be the oil phase and the oil rate, and the quality of the history would be determined by the produced gas and water volumes plus the pressure match at various levels (field, region, reservoir, and well). If water breakthrough has not occurred and the field is producing above the saturation pressure then there is very little to match, as the gas production in this case is a direct function of the oil rate. - The WCONHIST keyword also has a RESV target phase where the target is set to the in situ reservoir volume rate which is calculated by the simulator using the oil, water, gas, and liquid rates declared on the keyword. This is useful in the initial part of the history matching study where one is trying to match the overall pressure behavior, as the option forces the simulator to produce the correct number of reservoir barrels (or m3), although the actual oil, gas, and water rates will most likely not match at this stage of the study. Note that it is not necessary to edit the WCONHIST keywords for a run to change the target phase, as the WHISTCNTL keyword can be used do this from the time this keyword is invoked, thus avoiding changing the control mode on all subsequent WCONHIST keywords. + Generally, group control, targets, and constraints are not utilized in the history matching part of a simulation study. Instead, the WCONHIST keyword is used to enter the well production (oil, gas, and water rates), pressure data (BHP and THP when available), and VFP table assignment, on a well by well basis and on discrete time intervals, normally monthly. WCONHIST allows one to set the “target” phase and rate the well will attempt to produce at, if possible, and to produce the other phases that come with the target rate. That is there are no constraints applied to the other phases, unlike when using the WCONPROD keyword. If well productivity has been matched then the target phase rates will be satisfied and the quality of the history match is determined by the accuracy of the other phases, together with the pressure match. Thus, in an oil field the target phase will normally be the oil phase and the oil rate, and the quality of the history would be determined by the produced gas and water volumes plus the pressure match at various levels (field, region, reservoir, and well). If water breakthrough has not occurred and the field is producing above the saturation pressure then there is very little to match, as the gas production in this case is a direct function of the oil rate. + The WCONHIST keyword also has a RESV target phase where the target is set to the in situ reservoir volume rate which is calculated by the simulator using the oil, water, gas, and liquid rates declared on the keyword. This is useful in the initial part of the history matching study where one is trying to match the overall pressure behavior, as the option forces the simulator to produce the correct number of reservoir barrels (or m3), although the actual oil, gas, and water rates will most likely not match at this stage of the study. Note that it is not necessary to edit the WCONHIST keywords for a run to change the target phase, as the WHISTCNTL keyword can be used do this from the time this keyword is invoked, thus avoiding changing the control mode on all subsequent WCONHIST keywords. As mentioned above, the rates and volumes of production streams that are sold are more reliable than those that are being re-injected, flared, or otherwise disposed of, and therefore in an oil field the preferred target phase is oil and not liquid, which some engineers prefer to use. - The WCONINJH keyword has similar functionality as the WCONHIST keyword, but is used for history matching injection wells instead. + The WCONINJH keyword has similar functionality as the WCONHIST keyword, but is used for history matching injection wells instead. More recent developments in history matching incorporate Assisted History Matching (“AHM”) techniques 1 History Matching and Uncertainty Quantification: Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimisation Approach (SPE 143067), L. Mohamed, M. Christie, V. Demyanov, Vienna, Austria, 23–26 May 2011., 2 Field-Scale Assisted History Matching Using a Systematic, Massively Parallel Ensemble Kalman Smoother Procedure (SPE00182617), Binghuai Lin, Paul I Crumpton, and Ali H. Dogru, Society of Petroleum Engineers (February 2017)., 3 @@ -7243,7 +7243,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Here, an average FBHP of each well, based on most recent production history, is used as a target to control the wells during the prediction phase. Usually, this will lead to abrupt changes in rate and pressure profiles during the transition. The next step is therefore to dampen these abrupt changes in the well rate profiles by applying well PI multipliers (at the well and/or completion level) until a smooth transition is obtained in the rate profiles, similar to that shown by the green lines after the history matching period in Figure 12.1. The problem with this approach is that it is synonymous to re-calibrating a supposedly history-matched simulation model (with a given permeability distribution based on a certain geological characterization), and thus this approach is rather questionable and is not recommended. (3) Prediction Constraint Based on a Well’s Last Flowing BHP or THP - This methodology is the recommended approach for switching between historical and prediction controls in a reservoir model. It involves automatically applying the last flowing bottom-hole pressure at the instant the transition takes place as the production target, and therefore setting the latest flow rates to be constraints. This ensures a smooth transition between history and prediction phases without having to resort to unreasonable changes to the model. In OPM Flow this is accomplished by using the WELTARG keyword to specify that all the wells should use the bottom-hole pressure as the target at the beginning of the restart run, and defaulting the actual value for the BHP. By defaulting the BHP value the simulator will use the current value of FBHP for a well as the constraint. Note that the WELTARG keyword only defines the variable to be changed, it does not change how a well is controlled. However, by setting the BHP to equal to the current FBHP this has a similar effect as changing the operating target. + This methodology is the recommended approach for switching between historical and prediction controls in a reservoir model. It involves automatically applying the last flowing bottom-hole pressure at the instant the transition takes place as the production target, and therefore setting the latest flow rates to be constraints. This ensures a smooth transition between history and prediction phases without having to resort to unreasonable changes to the model. In OPM Flow this is accomplished by using the WELTARG keyword to specify that all the wells should use the bottom-hole pressure as the target at the beginning of the restart run, and defaulting the actual value for the BHP. By defaulting the BHP value the simulator will use the current value of FBHP for a well as the constraint. Note that the WELTARG keyword only defines the variable to be changed, it does not change how a well is controlled. However, by setting the BHP to equal to the current FBHP this has a similar effect as changing the operating target. Using this approach, all wells will continue flowing at the last flowing bottom-hole pressure from the previous time step, using this value of FBHP as the effective target while the last historical rates are kept as limits (if BHP is requested as shown in the example below). This approach achieves two important objectives, firstly it results in a smooth transition from the history-match phase to prediction phase in well and field production profiles And secondly, it gives a smooth decline in well production rate, as is expected of real wells in the field. Although this discussion has been based on using the BHP as the effective control mechanism, one could also use THP, and to a lesser extent, liquid rate, instead. @@ -7280,7 +7280,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.OP* BHP / / - From December 1, 2019 to January 1, 2020 the three oil producing wells will be under history matching control with the oil rate being the target rate for the wells. On January 1, 2020 the wells will be converted to normal producers as the WELTARG keyword changes a well status from a history match well to a regular well. At the same time the WELTARG keyword sets all the wells to have their current FBHP as a constraint, by setting the target BHP values to the default values, which effectively makes the FBHP a target as it is now the “active” constraint. + From December 1, 2019 to January 1, 2020 the three oil producing wells will be under history matching control with the oil rate being the target rate for the wells. On January 1, 2020 the wells will be converted to normal producers as the WELTARG keyword changes a well status from a history match well to a regular well. At the same time the WELTARG keyword sets all the wells to have their current FBHP as a constraint, by setting the target BHP values to the default values, which effectively makes the FBHP a target as it is now the “active” constraint. The alternative keyword for implementing the same approach is the WELCNTL keyword, but unfortunately this is currently not implemented in OPM Flow. @@ -8327,7 +8327,7 @@ LEFT ( {k k SUB{ro} h} OVER {B SUB{o}`` μ SUB{o}} ~~LEFT( ``p SUB{b}~-~p SUB{w} - The connection term on the COMPDAT keyword in the SCHEDULE section, CONFACT, is simply the transmissibility portion of equation (12.4)for a given connection that is: + The connection term on the COMPDAT keyword in the SCHEDULE section, CONFACT, is simply the transmissibility portion of equation (12.4)for a given connection that is: @@ -9382,7 +9382,7 @@ OVER Since the drainage radius, re, is generally different from the grid block radius, rb, the ratio of logarithms may be significant; hence, the use of the PI option normally requires specification of both re and rb. - Equation (12.11)is used to calculate the PI for the well and is used to print the PI on the WELLS production report requested via the RPTSCHED keyword in the SCHEDULE section. Note that for gas wells with non-zero D-factors, the non-Darcy skin factor is added to to the skin (S) term in equation (12.11)in both the numerator and the denominator. Secondly, re is often undetermined or unknown and it is common to default the DRADIUS parameter on the WELSPECS keyword, in the SCHEDULE section. If the well drainage radius (DRADIUS) is defaulted then equation (12.11)simplifies to: + Equation (12.11)is used to calculate the PI for the well and is used to print the PI on the WELLS production report requested via the RPTSCHED keyword in the SCHEDULE section. Note that for gas wells with non-zero D-factors, the non-Darcy skin factor is added to to the skin (S) term in equation (12.11)in both the numerator and the denominator. Secondly, re is often undetermined or unknown and it is common to default the DRADIUS parameter on the WELSPECS keyword, in the SCHEDULE section. If the well drainage radius (DRADIUS) is defaulted then equation (12.11)simplifies to: diff --git a/parts/chapters/sections/4/2.fodt b/parts/chapters/sections/4/2.fodt index 8a125237..17f60b57 100644 --- a/parts/chapters/sections/4/2.fodt +++ b/parts/chapters/sections/4/2.fodt @@ -4140,13 +4140,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - COLUMNS + COLUMNS - COLUMNS – Define Input File Column Margins. The COLUMNS keyword defines the input file column margins; characters outside the margins are ignored by the input parser. + COLUMNS – Define Input File Column Margins. The COLUMNS keyword defines the input file column margins; characters outside the margins are ignored by the input parser. - ALL + ALL @@ -4154,13 +4154,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - DEBUG + DEBUG DEBUG – Define the Debug Data to be Printed to File. This keyword defines the debug data to be written to the debug file (*.DBG), it is ignored by OPM Flow. - ALL + ALL @@ -4168,13 +4168,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - ECHO + ECHO ECHO – Activate Echoing of User Input Files to the Print File. Turns on echoing of all the input files to the print file. - ALL + ALL @@ -4182,13 +4182,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 - END + END - END – Define the End of the Input File. This keyword marks the end of the input file and can occur in any section. Any keywords and data after the END keyword are ignored. + END – Define the End of the Input File. This keyword marks the end of the input file and can occur in any section. Any keywords and data after the END keyword are ignored. - ALL + ALL @@ -4196,13 +4196,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.5 - ENDINC + ENDINC - ENDINC – Define the End of an Include File. This keyword marks the end of an include file specified on the INCLUDE keyword. When the ENDINC keyword is encountered in the INCLUDE file, input data is read from the next keyword in the current file. + ENDINC – Define the End of an Include File. This keyword marks the end of an include file specified on the INCLUDE keyword. When the ENDINC keyword is encountered in the INCLUDE file, input data is read from the next keyword in the current file. - ALL + ALL @@ -4210,13 +4210,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.6 - ENDSKIP + ENDSKIP - ENDSKIP – Deactivate Skipping of Keywords and Input Data. Turns off skipping of keywords that was activated by the SKIP, SKIP100, or SKIP300 keywords. + ENDSKIP – Deactivate Skipping of Keywords and Input Data. Turns off skipping of keywords that was activated by the SKIP, SKIP100, or SKIP300 keywords. - ALL + ALL @@ -4224,13 +4224,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.7 - EXTRAPMS + EXTRAPMS - EXTRAPMS – Activate Extrapolation Warning Messages. The EXTRAPMS keyword activates extrapolation warning messages for when simulator extrapolates the PVT or VFP tables. + EXTRAPMS – Activate Extrapolation Warning Messages. The EXTRAPMS keyword activates extrapolation warning messages for when simulator extrapolates the PVT or VFP tables. - ALL + ALL @@ -4238,13 +4238,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.8 - FORMFEED + FORMFEED FORMFEED – Defined the Print File Form-Feed Character. The keyword defines the form-feed character, or carriage control character, for the output print (*.PRT) run summary (*.RSM) files. - ALL + ALL @@ -4252,13 +4252,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.9 - INCLUDE + INCLUDE - INCLUDE – Load Another Data File at the Current Position. The INCLUDE keyword informs OPM Flow to continue reading input data from the specified INCLUDE file. + INCLUDE – Load Another Data File at the Current Position. The INCLUDE keyword informs OPM Flow to continue reading input data from the specified INCLUDE file. - ALL + ALL @@ -4266,13 +4266,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.10 - MESSAGE + MESSAGE - MESSAGE – Output User Message. The MESSAGE keyword outputs a user message to the terminal, as well as to the print (*.PRT) and debug (*.DBG) files. + MESSAGE – Output User Message. The MESSAGE keyword outputs a user message to the terminal, as well as to the print (*.PRT) and debug (*.DBG) files. - ALL + ALL @@ -4281,13 +4281,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.11 - MESSAGES + MESSAGES - MESSAGES – Define Message Print Limits and Stop Limits. The MESSAGES keyword defines the print and stops levels for various messages. + MESSAGES – Define Message Print Limits and Stop Limits. The MESSAGES keyword defines the print and stops levels for various messages. - ALL + ALL @@ -4295,13 +4295,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.12 - NOECHO + NOECHO NOECHO – Deactivate Echoing of User Input Files to the Print File. Turns off echoing of all the input files to the print file. - ALL + ALL @@ -4309,13 +4309,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.13 - NOWARN + NOWARN NOWARN – Deactivate Warning Messages. Turns off warning messages to be printed to the print file. - ALL + ALL @@ -4323,13 +4323,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.14 - SKIP + SKIP - SKIP – Activate Skipping of All Keywords and Input Data. The keyword turns on skipping of keywords until the ENDSKIP activation keyword is encountered. + SKIP – Activate Skipping of All Keywords and Input Data. The keyword turns on skipping of keywords until the ENDSKIP activation keyword is encountered. - ALL + ALL @@ -4337,13 +4337,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.15 - SKIP100 + SKIP100 - SKIP100 – Activate Skipping of Keywords by Black-Oil Simulator. This keyword turns on skipping of all keywords and input data by the commercial black-oil simulator until the ENDSKIP keyword is encountered. + SKIP100 – Activate Skipping of Keywords by Black-Oil Simulator. This keyword turns on skipping of all keywords and input data by the commercial black-oil simulator until the ENDSKIP keyword is encountered. - ALL + ALL @@ -4351,13 +4351,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.16 - SKIP300 + SKIP300 - SKIP300 – Activate Skipping of Compositional Keywords. This keyword turns on skipping of all keywords and input data by the commercial compositional simulator until the ENDSKIP keyword is encountered. + SKIP300 – Activate Skipping of Compositional Keywords. This keyword turns on skipping of all keywords and input data by the commercial compositional simulator until the ENDSKIP keyword is encountered. - ALL + ALL @@ -4365,13 +4365,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.17 - WARN + WARN WARN – Activate Warning Messages. Turns on warning messages to be printed to the print file (*.PRT); note that this keyword is activated by default. - ALL + ALL diff --git a/parts/chapters/sections/5/2.fodt b/parts/chapters/sections/5/2.fodt index 6cf0ced0..fcd5c5ce 100644 --- a/parts/chapters/sections/5/2.fodt +++ b/parts/chapters/sections/5/2.fodt @@ -5062,7 +5062,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Data Requirements - Table 5.2.1outlines the minimum set of keywords required by OPM Flow in order for the simulator to successfully parse the RUNSPEC section. + Table 5.2.1outlines the minimum set of keywords required by OPM Flow in order for the simulator to successfully parse the RUNSPEC section. @@ -5074,7 +5074,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.No. - RUNSPEC + RUNSPEC Keyword @@ -5090,13 +5090,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - TITLE + TITLE Error: Reference source not found- this is printed on most reports routed to the print file. - RUNSPEC + RUNSPEC @@ -5104,13 +5104,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - DIMENS + DIMENS Error: Reference source not found- the values entered must be the exact dimensions of the grid, otherwise the simulator will report errors. - GRID + GRID @@ -5118,12 +5118,12 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - OIL, - DISGAS, - GAS, - VAPOIL, + OIL, + DISGAS, + GAS, + VAPOIL, and/or - WATER + WATER Error: Reference source not found @@ -5131,10 +5131,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference source not found - Only the phases present in the run should be declared, so for a dry gas run then only GAS and WATER keywords should be declared, since water is always present in hydrocarbon accumulations. + Only the phases present in the run should be declared, so for a dry gas run then only GAS and WATER keywords should be declared, since water is always present in hydrocarbon accumulations. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -5142,10 +5142,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 - FIELD, - LAB, + FIELD, + LAB, or - METRIC + METRIC Error: Reference source not found @@ -5154,7 +5154,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.States the system of units to be used for the input deck. - ALL + ALL @@ -5162,14 +5162,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.5 - WELLDIMS + WELLDIMS Error: Reference source not found Sets the well and group dimensions etc. - SCHEDULE + SCHEDULE @@ -5177,7 +5177,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Notes: - This limited input for the RUNSPEC section is never used in practice, as real full field models are more complicated. + This limited input for the RUNSPEC section is never used in practice, as real full field models are more complicated. @@ -5188,8 +5188,8 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 5.2.1: Minimum Set of RUNSPEC Keywords Required by OPM Flow - If the minimum set of RUNSPEC keywords is only entered, then the default values of the missing keywords will apply. This means for example only one set of PVT, relative permeability tables, and one equilibrium region will be assumed by the simulator. - A complete list of RUNSPEC keywords in alphabetic order is shown in Table 5.2.2together with a generalized Topic column that classifies the functionality of the keyword. Note that not all keywords and features listed in Table 5.2.2are implemented in OPM Flow. Cells not colored in the No. column indicate the keyword is supported, cells colored gray indicate that the keyword is not applicable, and finally, cells colored in orange indicate keywords that are not supported by OPM Flow. + If the minimum set of RUNSPEC keywords is only entered, then the default values of the missing keywords will apply. This means for example only one set of PVT, relative permeability tables, and one equilibrium region will be assumed by the simulator. + A complete list of RUNSPEC keywords in alphabetic order is shown in Table 5.2.2together with a generalized Topic column that classifies the functionality of the keyword. Note that not all keywords and features listed in Table 5.2.2are implemented in OPM Flow. Cells not colored in the No. column indicate the keyword is supported, cells colored gray indicate that the keyword is not applicable, and finally, cells colored in orange indicate keywords that are not supported by OPM Flow. @@ -5202,7 +5202,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.No. - RUNSPEC + RUNSPEC Keyword @@ -5219,7 +5219,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - ACTDIMS + ACTDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5234,7 +5234,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - ACTPARAM + ACTPARAM Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5249,7 +5249,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - AITS + AITS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5264,7 +5264,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 - AITSOFF + AITSOFF Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5279,7 +5279,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.5 - ALKALINE + ALKALINE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5294,14 +5294,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.6 - API + API Error: Reference source not found. - API + API @@ -5309,7 +5309,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.7 - AQUDIMS + AQUDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5324,14 +5324,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.8 - AUTOREF + AUTOREF Error: Reference source not found. - LGR + LGR @@ -5340,7 +5340,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.9 - BIGMODEL + BIGMODEL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5355,7 +5355,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.10 - BIOFILM + BIOFILM Error: Reference source not found. This is an OPM Flow specific keyword used to investigate biofilm effects in underground applications. The module requires that either the CO2STORE or H2STORE keywords to be active. @@ -5370,7 +5370,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.11 - BLACKOIL + BLACKOIL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5385,7 +5385,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.12 - BPARA + BPARA Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5400,7 +5400,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.13 - BPIDIMS + BPIDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5415,7 +5415,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.14 - BRINE + BRINE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5430,7 +5430,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.15 - CART + CART Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5446,7 +5446,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.16 - CBMOPTS + CBMOPTS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5461,7 +5461,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.17 - CO2SOL + CO2SOL CO2SOL – Activate Dissolved CO2 in the Water Phase. @@ -5478,7 +5478,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.18 - CO2STORE + CO2STORE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5495,7 +5495,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.19 - COAL + COAL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5510,7 +5510,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.20 - COLUMNS + COLUMNS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5525,7 +5525,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.21 - COMPS + COMPS COMPS – Activate Compositional Modeling Formulation. @@ -5542,7 +5542,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.22 - CPR + CPR Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5558,7 +5558,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.23 - DEBUG + DEBUG Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5573,7 +5573,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.24 - DIFFUSE + DIFFUSE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5588,7 +5588,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.25 - DIMENS + DIMENS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5604,7 +5604,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.26 - DISGAS + DISGAS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5619,7 +5619,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.27 - DISGASW + DISGASW Error: Reference source not found @@ -5635,7 +5635,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.28 - DISPDIMS + DISPDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5650,7 +5650,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.29 - DUALPERM + DUALPERM Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5665,7 +5665,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.30 - DUALPORO + DUALPORO Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5680,7 +5680,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.31 - DYNRDIMS + DYNRDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5695,7 +5695,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.32 - ECHO + ECHO Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5710,7 +5710,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.33 - ECLMC + ECLMC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5725,7 +5725,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.34 - END + END Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5740,7 +5740,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.35 - ENDINC + ENDINC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5755,7 +5755,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.36 - ENDSCALE + ENDSCALE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5771,7 +5771,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.37 - ENDSKIP + ENDSKIP Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5786,7 +5786,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.38 - EOS + EOS EOS – Specify Equation of State. @@ -5802,7 +5802,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.39 - EQLDIMS + EQLDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5817,7 +5817,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.40 - EQLOPTS + EQLOPTS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5832,7 +5832,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.41 - EXTRAPMS + EXTRAPMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5847,7 +5847,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.42 - FAULTDIM + FAULTDIM Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5862,7 +5862,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.43 - FIELD + FIELD Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5877,7 +5877,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.44 - FMTHMD + FMTHMD Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5892,7 +5892,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.45 - FMTIN + FMTIN Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5907,7 +5907,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.46 - FMTOUT + FMTOUT Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5922,7 +5922,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.47 - FOAM + FOAM Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5937,7 +5937,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.48 - FORMFEED + FORMFEED Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5952,7 +5952,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.49 - FRICTION + FRICTION Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5967,7 +5967,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.50 - FULLIMP + FULLIMP Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5983,7 +5983,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.51 - GAS + GAS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -5998,7 +5998,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.52 - GASFIELD + GASFIELD Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6013,7 +6013,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.53 - GASWAT + GASWAT GASWAT – Activate the Gas-Water Model Formulation. @@ -6028,7 +6028,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.54 - GDIMS + GDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6043,7 +6043,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.55 - GIMODEL + GIMODEL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6058,7 +6058,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.56 - GRAVDR + GRAVDR Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6073,7 +6073,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.57 - GRAVDRB + GRAVDRB Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6088,7 +6088,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.58 - GRAVDRM + GRAVDRM Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6103,7 +6103,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.59 - GRIDOPTS + GRIDOPTS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6118,11 +6118,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.60 - H2SOL + H2SOL H2SOL – Activate Dissolved H2 in the Water Phase. - The keyword actives the dissolved hydrogen in the water phase, where hydrogen is represented by the SOLVENT pseudo component. + The keyword actives the dissolved hydrogen in the water phase, where hydrogen is represented by the SOLVENT pseudo component. @@ -6134,7 +6134,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.61 - H2STORE + H2STORE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6150,7 +6150,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.62 - HMDIMS + HMDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6165,11 +6165,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.63 - HYST + HYST Error: Reference source not found. - The HYST keyword activates the hysteresis option, the keyword should be avoided and the hysteresis option should be enabled by the HYSTER parameter on the SATOTPS keyword see - Error: Reference source not found. + The HYST keyword activates the hysteresis option, the keyword should be avoided and the hysteresis option should be enabled by the HYSTER parameter on the SATOTPS keyword see - Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6181,7 +6181,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.64 - IMPES + IMPES Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6198,7 +6198,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.65 - IMPLICIT + IMPLICIT Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6214,7 +6214,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.66 - INCLUDE + INCLUDE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6229,7 +6229,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.67 - INSPEC + INSPEC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6244,7 +6244,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.68 - LAB + LAB Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6259,14 +6259,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.69 - LGR + LGR Error: Reference source not found. - LGR + LGR @@ -6274,14 +6274,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.70 - LGRCOPY + LGRCOPY Error: Reference source not found. - LGR + LGR @@ -6289,7 +6289,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.71 - LICENSES + LICENSES Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6304,7 +6304,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.72 - LIVEOIL + LIVEOIL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6319,7 +6319,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.73 - LOAD + LOAD Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6334,7 +6334,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.74 - LOWSALT + LOWSALT Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6349,7 +6349,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.75 - MEMORY + MEMORY Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6364,10 +6364,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.76 - MESSAGE + MESSAGE - Error: Reference source not found. The MESSAGE keyword outputs a user message to the terminal, as well as to the print (*.PRT) and debug (*.DBG) files. + Error: Reference source not found. The MESSAGE keyword outputs a user message to the terminal, as well as to the print (*.PRT) and debug (*.DBG) files. @@ -6379,10 +6379,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.77 - MESSAGES + MESSAGES - Error: Reference source not found. The MESSAGES keyword defines the print and stops levels for various messages. + Error: Reference source not found. The MESSAGES keyword defines the print and stops levels for various messages. @@ -6394,7 +6394,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.78 - MESSSRVC + MESSSRVC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6409,7 +6409,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.79 - METRIC + METRIC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6424,14 +6424,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.80 - MICP + MICP - Error: Reference source not found. This is an OPM Flow specific keyword that activates the Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation ("MICP") Model used to investigate leakage remediation. The module requires that both the MICP and WATER keywords in the RUNSPEC to be active. + Error: Reference source not found. This is an OPM Flow specific keyword that activates the Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation ("MICP") Model used to investigate leakage remediation. The module requires that both the MICP and WATER keywords in the RUNSPEC section to be active. - MICP + MICP @@ -6439,10 +6439,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.81 - MINNPCOL + MINNPCOL - Error: Reference source not found. This is an OPM Flow specific keyword that sets the minimum number of Newton iterations, as oppose to the commercial simulator’s NUPCOL keyword that defines the maximum number of Newton iterations within a time step, after which well targets are frozen. + Error: Reference source not found. This is an OPM Flow specific keyword that sets the minimum number of Newton iterations, as oppose to the commercial simulator’s NUPCOL keyword that defines the maximum number of Newton iterations within a time step, after which well targets are frozen. @@ -6454,7 +6454,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.82 - MISCIBLE + MISCIBLE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6469,7 +6469,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.83 - MONITOR + MONITOR Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6484,7 +6484,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.84 - MSGFILE + MSGFILE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6499,7 +6499,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.85 - MULTIN + MULTIN Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6514,7 +6514,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.86 - MULTOUT + MULTOUT Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6529,7 +6529,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.87 - MULTOUTS + MULTOUTS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6544,7 +6544,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.88 - MULTREAL + MULTREAL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6559,7 +6559,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.89 - NETWORK + NETWORK Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6574,7 +6574,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.90 - NINEPOIN + NINEPOIN Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6589,7 +6589,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.91 - NMATRIX + NMATRIX Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6605,7 +6605,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.92 - NNEWTF + NNEWTF Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6620,7 +6620,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.93 - NOCASC + NOCASC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6636,7 +6636,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.94 - NODPPM + NODPPM Error: Reference source not found @@ -6651,7 +6651,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.95 - NOECHO + NOECHO Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6666,7 +6666,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.96 - NOHYST + NOHYST Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6681,7 +6681,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.97 - NOINSPEC + NOINSPEC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6696,7 +6696,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.98 - NOMONITO + NOMONITO Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6711,7 +6711,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.99 - NONNC + NONNC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6726,7 +6726,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.100 - NORSSPEC + NORSSPEC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6741,7 +6741,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.101 - NOSIM + NOSIM Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6756,7 +6756,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.102 - NOWARN + NOWARN Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6771,7 +6771,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.103 - NRSOUT + NRSOUT Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6786,7 +6786,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.104 - NSTACK + NSTACK Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6801,7 +6801,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.105 - NUMRES + NUMRES Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6817,7 +6817,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.106 - NUPCOL + NUPCOL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6832,7 +6832,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.107 - OIL + OIL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6847,7 +6847,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.108 - OPTIONS + OPTIONS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6862,7 +6862,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.109 - PARALLEL + PARALLEL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6878,7 +6878,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.110 - PARTTRAC + PARTTRAC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6893,7 +6893,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.111 - PATHS + PATHS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6908,7 +6908,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.112 - PEDIMS + PEDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6923,7 +6923,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.113 - PETOPTS + PETOPTS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6938,7 +6938,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.114 - PIMTDIMS + PIMTDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6953,7 +6953,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.115 - PINTDIMS + PINTDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6969,7 +6969,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.116 - POLYMER + POLYMER Error: Reference source not found. @@ -6985,7 +6985,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.117 - POLYMW + POLYMW Error: Reference source not found @@ -7001,7 +7001,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.118 - PRECSALT + PRECSALT Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7017,7 +7017,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.119 - PSTEADY + PSTEADY Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7032,7 +7032,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.120 - RADIAL + RADIAL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7047,7 +7047,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.121 - REGDIMS + REGDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7062,7 +7062,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.122 - RIVRDIMS + RIVRDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7077,7 +7077,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.123 - ROCKCOMP + ROCKCOMP Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7092,7 +7092,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.124 - RPTCPL + RPTCPL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7107,7 +7107,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.125 - RPTHMD + RPTHMD Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7122,7 +7122,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.126 - RPTRUNSP + RPTRUNSP Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7137,7 +7137,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.127 - RSSPEC + RSSPEC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7152,7 +7152,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.128 - RUNSPEC + RUNSPEC Error: Reference source not found @@ -7167,7 +7167,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.129 - SAMG + SAMG Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7183,7 +7183,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.130 - SATOPTS + SATOPTS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7198,7 +7198,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.131 - SAVE + SAVE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7213,7 +7213,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.132 - SCDPDIMS + SCDPDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7228,7 +7228,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.133 - SKIP + SKIP Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7243,7 +7243,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.134 - SKIP100 + SKIP100 Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7258,7 +7258,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.135 - SKIP300 + SKIP300 Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7273,7 +7273,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.136 - SMRYDIMS + SMRYDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7288,7 +7288,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.137 - SOLVDIMS + SOLVDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7304,7 +7304,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.138 - SOLVENT + SOLVENT Error: Reference source not found @@ -7319,11 +7319,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.139 - SPIDER + SPIDER Error: Reference source not found. - This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Spider Grid option, that emulates a Radial Grid via corner-point geometry. The option employs the standard GRID section radial grid keywords to construct the grid - see the example in the section on Spider Grids (Error: Reference source not found). + This is an OPM Flow specific keyword for the simulator’s Spider Grid option, that emulates a Radial Grid via corner-point geometry. The option employs the standard GRID section radial grid keywords to construct the grid - see the example in the section on Spider Grids (Error: Reference source not found). @@ -7336,7 +7336,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.140 - START + START Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7351,7 +7351,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.141 - SURFACT + SURFACT Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7366,7 +7366,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.142 - SURFACTW + SURFACTW Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7381,7 +7381,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.143 - TABDIMS + TABDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7396,11 +7396,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.144 - TEMP + TEMP Error: Reference source not found. - The temperature option (TEMP keyword) and the thermal option (THERMAL keyword) are two separate modeling facilities in the commercial simulator. See Error: Reference source not foundfor additional information. + The temperature option (TEMP keyword) and the thermal option (THERMAL keyword) are two separate modeling facilities in the commercial simulator. See Error: Reference source not foundfor additional information. @@ -7412,7 +7412,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.145 - THERMAL + THERMAL Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7428,7 +7428,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.146 - TITLE + TITLE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7443,7 +7443,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.147 - TRACERS + TRACERS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7458,7 +7458,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.148 - TRPLPORO + TRPLPORO Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7473,7 +7473,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.149 - UDADIMS + UDADIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7488,7 +7488,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.150 - UDQDIMS + UDQDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7503,7 +7503,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.151 - UDQPARAM + UDQPARAM Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7518,7 +7518,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.152 - UDTDIMS + UDTDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7533,7 +7533,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.153 - UNCODHMD + UNCODHMD Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7548,7 +7548,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.154 - UNIFIN + UNIFIN Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7563,7 +7563,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.155 - UNIFOUT + UNIFOUT Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7578,7 +7578,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.156 - UNIFOUTS + UNIFOUTS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7593,7 +7593,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.157 - UNIFSAVE + UNIFSAVE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7608,7 +7608,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.158 - VAPOIL + VAPOIL Error: Reference source not found @@ -7623,7 +7623,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.159 - VAPWAT + VAPWAT Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7639,7 +7639,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.160 - VE + VE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7654,7 +7654,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.161 - VFPIDIMS + VFPIDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7669,7 +7669,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.162 - VFPPDIMS + VFPPDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7684,7 +7684,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.163 - VISAGE + VISAGE Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7699,7 +7699,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.164 - VISCD + VISCD Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7714,7 +7714,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.165 - WARN + WARN Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7729,7 +7729,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.166 - WATER + WATER Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7744,7 +7744,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.167 - WELLDIMS + WELLDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7760,7 +7760,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.168 - WPOTCALC + WPOTCALC Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7775,7 +7775,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.169 - WSEGDIMS + WSEGDIMS Error: Reference source not found. @@ -7807,19 +7807,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Action: Keywords associated with the ACTIONX keyword or OPM Flow’s Python facility. + Action: Keywords associated with the ACTIONX keyword or OPM Flow’s Python facility. - API: Keywords associated with the API option. + API: Keywords associated with the API option. - Biofilm: BIOFILM model activation. + Biofilm: BIOFILM model activation. - Brine: Keywords associated with the BRINE option. + Brine: Keywords associated with the BRINE option. - CBM: COAL BED METHANE activation and options (not implemented in OPM Flow). + CBM: COAL BED METHANE activation and options (not implemented in OPM Flow). Diffusion: DIFFUSION model activation and options. @@ -7834,16 +7834,16 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.End-Point: END-POINT SCALING activation and options. - Equilibration EQUIL section control and options. + Equilibration EQUIL section control and options. - Gas Field: GAS FIELD model activation, control and options. + Gas Field: GAS FIELD model activation, control and options. Gradient: Keywords associated with the GRADIENT option, used in history matching. - Foam: FOAM model activation. + Foam: FOAM model activation. Hysteresis: HYSTERESIS model. @@ -7858,16 +7858,16 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Input: Input control and options. - LGR: LOCAL GRID REFINEMENT dimensions and options. + LGR: LOCAL GRID REFINEMENT dimensions and options. - MICP: MICROBIAL INDUCED CALCITE PRECIPITATION model activation. + MICP: MICROBIAL INDUCED CALCITE PRECIPITATION model activation. Multi-Segment Well: Multi-segment well dimensions and options. - Network: Activation and options for the NETWORK model. + Network: Activation and options for the NETWORK model. Numeric: Keywords related to the various numeric control and options for the run. @@ -7879,25 +7879,25 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Phases: Declarations related to the active phases. - Scale Deposition: Scale and BRINE options. + Scale Deposition: Scale and BRINE options. - Solvent: SOLVENT phase options + Solvent: SOLVENT phase options Surfactant: SURFACTANT phase activation and options. - Thermal: THERMAL model activation and options. + Thermal: THERMAL model activation and options. - Tracers: TRACER model options. + Tracers: TRACER model options. Triple-Porosity: TRIPLE POROSITY model option activation. - Water Vaporization: WATER VAPORIZATION activation. + Water Vaporization: WATER VAPORIZATION activation. @@ -7909,7 +7909,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Note that a number of keywords can be classified under several topics, so the Topic column should only be used as a general reference guide. Example - A typical RUNSPEC section using various keywords is shown below and on the next few pages for reference. + A typical RUNSPEC section using various keywords is shown below and on the next few pages for reference. -- ============================================================================== -- @@ -7931,8 +7931,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.-- SWITCH NO SIMULATION MODE FOR DATA CHECKING COMMENT OUT TO RUN THE MODEL -- NOSIM - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- FLUID TYPES AND TRACER OPTIONS - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- + + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- FLUID TYPES AND TRACER OPTIONS + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- -- OIL PHASE IS PRESENT IN THE RUN -- OIL @@ -7958,9 +7961,12 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.-- TRACERS TRACERS TRACERS TRACERS CONTL NONLIN NONLIN NONLIN TRACERS 0 0 1 0 'NODIFF' 1* 1* 1* / - - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- GRID AND EQUILBRATION DIMENSIONS AND OPTIONS - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- + + + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- GRID AND EQUILBRATION DIMENSIONS AND OPTIONS + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- -- MAX MAX MAX -- NDIVIX NDIVIY NDIVIZ DIMENS @@ -7991,8 +7997,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.-- IRREVERSIBLE THRESHOLD(IRREVERS) EQLOPTS 'MOBILE' 'QUIESC' 'THPRES' 'IRREVERS' / - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- ROCK AND SATURATION TABLES DIMENSIONS AND OPTIONS - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- + + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- ROCK AND SATURATION TABLES DIMENSIONS AND OPTIONS + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- -- MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX E300 -- NTSFUN NTPVT NSSFUN NPPVT NTFIP NRPVT BLANK NTEND TABDIMS @@ -8008,8 +8017,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.SATOPTS 'DIRECT' 'IRREVERS' 'HYSTER' / - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- GROUP, WELL AND VFP TABLE DIMENSIONS - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- + + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- GROUP, WELL AND VFP TABLE DIMENSIONS + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- -- WELL WELL GRUPS GRUPS -- MXWELS MXCONS MXGRPS MXGRPW WELLDIMS @@ -8032,8 +8044,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.-- MXMFLO MXMTHP MXMWFR MXMGFR MXMALQ NMMVFT VFPPDIMS 20 10 10 10 6 9 / - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- + + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- -- USER DEFINED ARGUMENT DIMENSIONS FACILITY -- MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX MAX RAND -- FUNCS ITEMS CONNS FIELD GROUP REGS SEGTM WELL AQUF BLCKS OPT @@ -8051,8 +8066,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.-- INTG -AND+ VALUE TOLERANCE UDQPARAM 1 1* 0.0 1.0E-4 / - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- NUMERICAL AND RUN CONTROL OPTIONS - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- + + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- NUMERICAL AND RUN CONTROL OPTIONS + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- -- SET STACK SIZE FOR LINEAR SOLVER -- NSTACK @@ -8068,8 +8086,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.-- OPTIONS OPTION OPTIONS 77*0 1 / - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- INPUT AND OUTPUT OPTIONS - -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- + + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- INPUT AND OUTPUT OPTIONS + -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + -- -- METRIC SYSTEM OF UNITS FOR BOTH INPUT AND OUTPUT -- METRIC @@ -8092,8 +8113,8 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.DEBUG 8*0 1 11*0 1 30*0 / -- ============================================================================== - - The above example is rather extensive but is not unrealistic in terms of the features being activated and the array size declarations. + + The above example is rather extensive but is not unrealistic in terms of the features being activated and the array size declarations. On 32-bit systems, array sizes had to be carefully managed to fit within limited addressable memory. On modern 64-bit systems such as Linux, this limitation is no longer a concern. diff --git a/parts/chapters/sections/6/2.fodt b/parts/chapters/sections/6/2.fodt index 79a7a74a..9076e03c 100644 --- a/parts/chapters/sections/6/2.fodt +++ b/parts/chapters/sections/6/2.fodt @@ -5873,7 +5873,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.TOPS 25*3100 25*3105 25*3110 / - The rock property data required to complete the GRID section is as follows: + The rock property data required to complete the GRID section is as follows: -- -- DEFINE POROSITY DATA FOR ALL CELLS (BASED ON NX x NY x NZ = 300) -- @@ -5894,7 +5894,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.PERMZ 100*500.0 100*50.0 100*200.0 / - The above keywords define all the properties required for the GRID section for this type of grid geometry. + The above keywords define all the properties required for the GRID section for this type of grid geometry. Irregular Corner-Point Grids This type of grid is an industry standard grid used to represent the structure of complex reservoirs109 @@ -9357,12 +9357,8 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Figure 6.3: Norne Field Grid Skeleton - Similar to a Cartesian Regular Grid the grid geometry and properties must be defined for each cell. The formulation of the grid geometry is based on a corner-point geometry, where basically the coordinate lines or pillars are given, then the top and bottom surfaces for the cell are defined by specifying the depth (z-coordinates) of the cell’s corner points along each of the four adjacent pillars. The cell then forms an irregular hexahedron as depicted in Figure 6.4. - Unknown Author - 2017-06-26T14:44:51 - I do not think this is correct. - Note that the figure shows a corner-point cell which is more or less orthogonal, which is ideally what we want to minimize grid orientation effects. - The data required to define this type of grid consists of the SPECGRID to define the dimensions of the grid, that is: + Similar to a Cartesian Regular Grid the grid geometry and properties must be defined for each cell. The formulation of the grid geometry is based on a corner-point geometry, where basically the coordinate lines or pillars are given, then the top and bottom surfaces for the cell are defined by specifying the depth (z-coordinates) of the cell’s corner points along each of the four adjacent pillars. The cell then forms an irregular hexahedron as depicted in Figure 6.4. Note that the figure shows a corner-point cell which is more or less orthogonal, which is ideally what we want to minimize grid orientation effects. + The data required to define this type of grid consists of the SPECGRID keyword to define the dimensions of the grid, that is: -- MAX MAX MAX MAX GRID -- NDIVIX NDIVIY NDIVIZ NUMRES TYPE SPECGRID @@ -10668,7 +10664,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.453798.125 7318572.500 3096.691 453819.344 7318530.500 3172.299 ……………………………………. / - The final keyword to define an Irregular Corner-Point geometry grid is the ZCORN keyword that defines the depths of the cell corners. A portion of the ZCORN data from the Norne model is shown below. + The final keyword to define an Irregular Corner-Point geometry grid is the ZCORN keyword that defines the depths of the cell corners. A portion of the ZCORN data from the Norne model is shown below. ZCORN 3037.473 2983.933 2983.933 3005.969 3005.969 3000.265 3000.265 2989.348 2989.348 2995.680 2995.680 3000.855 @@ -10689,7 +10685,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.………………………………………………………………………………………………… / - The rock property data required to complete the GRID section is the same as for a Cartesian Regular grid, as defined in section 6.2.1Cartesian Regular Gridsand the data is defined using the same keywords. The resulting Norne model showing the ternary solution variable is displayed in Figure 6.5. + The rock property data required to complete the GRID section is the same as for a Cartesian Regular grid, as defined in section 6.2.1Cartesian Regular Gridsand the data is defined using the same keywords. The resulting Norne model showing the ternary solution variable is displayed in Figure 6.5. @@ -24726,7 +24722,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Figure 6.7: 3D Radial Grid (Odeh Example) The Odeh110 example employs 0.25 ft. for the inner radius, and 1.75, 2.32, 5.01, 10.84, 23.39, 50.55, 109.21, 235.92, 509.68, and 1101.08 ft. for the outer radii. - Figure 6.7is based on a 10 x 10 x 3 grid, where NX is the R dimensions, NY the THETA dimensions, and NZ the z dimensions on the DIMENS keyword in the RUNSPEC section. Thus, in order to fully define this radial grid the following RUNSPEC and GRID section keywords are required: + Figure 6.7is based on a 10 x 10 x 3 grid, where NX is the R dimensions, NY the THETA dimensions, and NZ the z dimensions on the DIMENS keyword in the RUNSPEC section. Thus, in order to fully define this radial grid the following RUNSPEC and GRID section keywords are required: -- ============================================================================== -- -- RUNSPEC SECTION @@ -24774,7 +24770,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.-- TOPS 100*8325 / - The rock property data required to complete the GRID section is as follows: + The rock property data required to complete the GRID section is as follows: -- -- DEFINE POROSITY DATA FOR ALL CELLS (BASED ON NX x NY x NZ = 300) -- @@ -24796,14 +24792,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.PERMZ 100*500.0 100*50.0 100*200.0 / - The above keywords define all the properties required for the RUNSPEC and GRID sections for this type of grid geometry. + The above keywords define all the properties required for the RUNSPEC and GRID sections for this type of grid geometry. Note - Radial grids are currently not fully implemented in OPM Flow as the completion of the circle in the THETA direction is not supported. For reference only, this feature is activated via the COMPLETE parameter on the COORDSYS keyword in the GRID section. + Radial grids are currently not fully implemented in OPM Flow as the completion of the circle in the THETA direction is not supported. For reference only, this feature is activated via the COMPLETE parameter on the COORDSYS keyword in the GRID section. @@ -28483,7 +28479,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Figure 6.10illustrates the spider grid for the Odeh111 example, which is not dissimilar to the conventional radial model shown in Figure 6.7and is identical to OPM Flow’s radial model implementation shown in Figure 6.9. Note that Figure 6.7was not generated by OPM ResInsight, Naturally, there will be differences in the results between radial and spider grid formulations, but the user should use their own judgement if the differences are relevant. - Again, Figure 6.10is based on a 10 x 10 x 3 grid, where NX is the R dimensions, NY the THETA dimensions and NZ the z dimensions on the DIMENS keyword in the RUNSPEC section. The only difference between this example and the previous example for radial grids is that the RADIAL keyword has been replaced by the SPIDER keyword in the RUNSPEC section, all the other keywords are exactly the same. + Again, Figure 6.10is based on a 10 x 10 x 3 grid, where NX is the R dimensions, NY the THETA dimensions and NZ the z dimensions on the DIMENS keyword in the RUNSPEC section. The only difference between this example and the previous example for radial grids is that the RADIAL keyword has been replaced by the SPIDER keyword in the RUNSPEC section, all the other keywords are exactly the same. -- ============================================================================== -- -- RUNSPEC SECTION @@ -28532,7 +28528,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.TOPS 10*8325 / - The rock property data required to complete the GRID section is as follows: + The rock property data required to complete the GRID section is as follows: -- -- DEFINE POROSITY DATA FOR ALL CELLS (BASED ON NX x NY x NZ = 30) -- @@ -28555,7 +28551,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.PERMZ 10*500.0 10*50.0 10*200.0 / - The above keywords define all the properties required for the GRID section for this type of grid geometry. + The above keywords define all the properties required for the GRID section for this type of grid geometry. Rock Properties Regardless of the grid type used to define the structural component of the model, certain static properties must be specified to complete the grid definition. These include identifying active and inactive grid blocks, porosity, permeability, and reservoir quality through the net-to-gross fraction (“NTG”). These parameters must be set for each cell in the model @@ -28589,7 +28585,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Cells that are inactive in the model are ignored computationally and can act as barriers to flow. Thus, a shale in a conventional reservoir is normally treated as non-reservoir and is made inactive either by setting the ACTNUM, PORO, or NTG to zero for the cells representing the shale. - ACTNUM + ACTNUM @@ -28601,7 +28597,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Porosity is a measure of the space in a reservoir rock. It is defined as the fraction of the total bulk volume of the rock not occupied by solids, that is it is the fraction of the cell that is porous and contains the reservoir fluids. - PORO + PORO @@ -28613,7 +28609,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Reservoir quality of the cell in terms of the gross volume derived from the structural grid and the net volume available for fluid flow in the model is expressed as a fraction from zero to one. A zero values means the cell does not contribute to flow and therefore is made inactive. A value of one means the gross and net volumes are identical for the cell - NTG + NTG @@ -28628,14 +28624,14 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.For example, if Kair (Sg=1.0) has been entered for the cell permeability when Krg (Sg=1-Swc) should be less than one. - PERMX - PERMY - PERMZ + PERMX + PERMY + PERMZ - PERMR - PERMTHT - PERMZ + PERMR + PERMTHT + PERMZ @@ -28740,12 +28736,12 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.PV = the pore volume of a cell, Cell Gross Volume = the gross volume (or bulk volume) calculated from the structural parameters of the cell, - PORO= cell porosity, - NTG= cell net-to-gross ratio, and - ACTNUM= active and inactive cell indicator. + PORO= cell porosity, + NTG= cell net-to-gross ratio, and + ACTNUM= active and inactive cell indicator. - Any cell with a pore volume equal to zero is made inactive automatically in the model. However, there may be some cells that have small pore volumes that may negatively impact computational performance of the model. If this is the case then the MINPV and MINPORV keywords in the GRID section can be used to make these cells inactive. - There has been a trend in the industry in recent years to not apply petrophysical cut-offs to determine net volumes in static models. This results in large models with numerous cells with very low porosity values (less than 0.01 for example) and corresponding very low permeabilities. The theory behind this approach is that the numerical model will determine the effective (or net) reservoir. However, the approach is questionable as by not applying net pay cut-offs, the in-place and recoverable volumes may not satisfy Reserve reporting requirements and guidelines to various agencies. Secondly, although this may be appropriate in unconventional reservoirs, as all the cells in the model will have similar values of porosity and permeability, but in conventional reservoirs this methodology will lead to severe computational issues when attempting to run the model, due to very tight cells being next to relative high permeability cells. Again, the MINPV and MINPORV keywords can be used to resolve this issue. + Any cell with a pore volume equal to zero is made inactive automatically in the model. However, there may be some cells that have small pore volumes that may negatively impact computational performance of the model. If this is the case then the MINPV and MINPORV keywords in the GRID section can be used to make these cells inactive. + There has been a trend in the industry in recent years to not apply petrophysical cut-offs to determine net volumes in static models. This results in large models with numerous cells with very low porosity values (less than 0.01 for example) and corresponding very low permeabilities. The theory behind this approach is that the numerical model will determine the effective (or net) reservoir. However, the approach is questionable as by not applying net pay cut-offs, the in-place and recoverable volumes may not satisfy Reserve reporting requirements and guidelines to various agencies. Secondly, although this may be appropriate in unconventional reservoirs, as all the cells in the model will have similar values of porosity and permeability, but in conventional reservoirs this methodology will lead to severe computational issues when attempting to run the model, due to very tight cells being next to relative high permeability cells. Again, the MINPV and MINPORV keywords can be used to resolve this issue. Transmissibility on the other hand is more complex as it relates the flow from one cell face to another cell face and is a function of the area open to flow, the direction of flow, the permeability, saturation, and viscosity of the phases flowing between the cells. For single phase flow in a Cartesian grid the x-direction transmissibility is of the form: @@ -28929,7 +28925,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. As transmissibility is a property of the flow between two cell faces, not a block centered grid cell property like porosity or permeability, then the nomenclature for transmissibility is different. In OPM Flow, the transmissible of cell face Tx(i, j, k) is the transmissibility between cells (i, j, k) and (i+1, j, k). In some simulators it would be between (i, j, k) and (i-1, j, k). This is important to note if manual modifications to cell connections are to be made in the model. - Modifications to basic grid property data (porosity, permeability, etc.) can only be done in the GRID section, thereafter only the calculated pore volumes and transmissibilities are available for adjustment in the EDIT section. Some engineers use the GRID section for the basic model formulation, and the EDIT section to document the changes to the “base” model using the PORV, TRANX, TRANY, TRANZ, etc. keywords. + Modifications to basic grid property data (porosity, permeability, etc.) can only be done in the GRID section, thereafter only the calculated pore volumes and transmissibilities are available for adjustment in the EDIT section. Some engineers use the GRID section for the basic model formulation, and the EDIT section to document the changes to the “base” model using the PORV, TRANX, TRANY, TRANZ, etc. keywords. diff --git a/parts/chapters/sections/7/2.fodt b/parts/chapters/sections/7/2.fodt index c821ad50..a555f8c1 100644 --- a/parts/chapters/sections/7/2.fodt +++ b/parts/chapters/sections/7/2.fodt @@ -4161,7 +4161,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Data Requirements - As the primary purpose of this section is to modify the simulator’s calculated pore volumes and transmissibilities, then the properties used to define these arrays must have been fully defined in the GRID section. The arrays available for modification in the EDIT section are listed in Table 7.1together with the associated GRID arrays used to generate the EDIT property array. + As the primary purpose of this section is to modify the simulator’s calculated pore volumes and transmissibilities, then the properties used to define these arrays must have been fully defined in the GRID section. The arrays available for modification in the EDIT section are listed in Table 7.1together with the associated GRID arrays used to generate the EDIT property array. @@ -4180,165 +4180,165 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - GRID + GRID - EDIT + EDIT - GRID + GRID - EDIT + EDIT - TOPS + TOPS - DEPTH + DEPTH - TOPS + TOPS - DEPTH + DEPTH - DX + DX - PORV + PORV - DR + DR - PORV + PORV - DY + DY - DTHETA + DTHETA - DZ + DZ - DZ + DZ - DZNET + DZNET - DZNET + DZNET - PORO + PORO - PORO + PORO - NTG + NTG - NTG + NTG - PERMX + PERMX - TRANX + TRANX - PERMR + PERMR - TRANR + TRANR - MULTX + MULTX - MULTR + MULTR - PERMY + PERMY - TRANY + TRANY - PERMTHT + PERMTHT - TRANTHT + TRANTHT - MULTY + MULTY - MULTTHT + MULTTHT - PERMZ + PERMZ - TRANZ + TRANZ - PERMZ + PERMZ - TRANZ + TRANZ - MULTZ + MULTZ - MULTZ + MULTZ @@ -4350,7 +4350,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Currently Radial Grids have not been implemented in OPM Flow. - The GRID property association to the EDIT property is only indicative as several variables, DZNET and NTG for example, are also used in the transmissibility calculations. + The GRID property association to the EDIT property is only indicative as several variables, DZNET and NTG for example, are also used in the transmissibility calculations. @@ -4362,8 +4362,8 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 7.1: EDIT Section Arrays Available for Modification - An example pore volume array (PORV property) from the Volve132 - The Volve Data was approved for data sharing in 2018 by the initiative of the last Operating company, Equinor and approved by the license partners ExxonMobil E&P Norway AS and Bayerngas Norge AS in the end of 2017. field is shown in Figure 7.1and Figure 7.2illustrates the model’s transmissibility in the x-direction (TRANX). + An example pore volume array (PORV property) from the Volve132 + The Volve Data was approved for data sharing in 2018 by the initiative of the last Operating company, Equinor and approved by the license partners ExxonMobil E&P Norway AS and Bayerngas Norge AS in the end of 2017. field is shown in Figure 7.1and Figure 7.2illustrates the model’s transmissibility in the x-direction (TRANX). diff --git a/parts/chapters/sections/8/2.fodt b/parts/chapters/sections/8/2.fodt index f2c8de36..cabd672a 100644 --- a/parts/chapters/sections/8/2.fodt +++ b/parts/chapters/sections/8/2.fodt @@ -8443,7 +8443,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - where MW is the molecular weight of the gas and ρg has units of lbm/ft3 and kg/m3 for field and metric units, respectively in equation (8.3). Gas density is often reported as Relative Density, that is relative to air, as per 0.65 (air = 1). + where MW is the molecular weight of the gas and ρg has units of lbm/ft3 and kg/m3 for field and metric units, respectively in equation (8.3). Gas density is often reported as Relative Density, that is relative to air, as per 0.65 (air = 1). Gas Formation Volume Factor (E): Is used to relate the volume of gas, as measured at reservoir conditions, to the volume of gas as measured at standard conditions (60 oF and 14.7 psia, or 15 oC and 101.325 kPa). This gas property is then defined as the actual volume occupied by a certain amount of gas at a specified pressure and temperature, divided by the same amount of gas at standard conditions. Thus the gas formation volume factor can be expressed as: @@ -9262,7 +9262,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Commonly relative density is quoted with reference to the reference phase, for example, γo = 0.780 (water = 1). - The American Petroleum Institute (“API”) classifies oils based on an API gravity (γAPI), or degrees API (oAPI), the relationship between relative density (γo) of oil and API gravity (γAPI) is given by: + The American Petroleum Institute (“API”) classifies oils based on an API gravity (γAPI),or degrees API (oAPI), the relationship between relative density (γo) of oil and API gravity (γAPI) is given by: @@ -9346,11 +9346,11 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.where γo= oil gravity (water = 1.0), ρo= oil density (lb/ft3 or kg/m3), and - γAPI= API gravity (oAPI). + γAPI= API gravity (oAPI). - API density is commonly reported at the well site. + API density is commonly reported at the well site. Bubble Point (Saturation Pressure): The bubble point pressure, or saturation pressure (Pb or Psat), is defined as the pressure at which the first bubbles of gas appear from a liquid as the pressure declines. The correlations given in the oil formation volume section (later on), also have the equivalent bubble point pressure correlations. It should be noted that the comments addressing the application of these correlations in the oil formation volume factor section, are equally applicable here. - Gas-Oil Ratio (“GOR”): The GOR, (Rs) is defined as the number of standard cubic meters of gas that will dissolve in one stock tank meter cubed of crude oil at a certain pressure and temperature. The solubility of a natural gas in a crude oil is a strong function of the pressure, the temperature, the API gravity, and gas gravity. For a particular gas and crude oil to exist at a constant temperature, the solubility increases with pressure until the saturation pressure is reached. At the saturation pressure (bubble point pressure) all the available gases are dissolved in the oil, and the gas solubility reaches its maximum value. Rather than measuring the amount of gas that will dissolve in given stock tank crude oil as the pressure is increased, it is customary to determine the amount of gas that will come out of the sample of reservoir crude oil. + Gas-Oil Ratio (“GOR”): The GOR, (Rs) is defined as the number of standard cubic meters of gas that will dissolve in one stock tank meter cubed of crude oil at a certain pressure and temperature. The solubility of a natural gas in a crude oil is a strong function of the pressure, the temperature, the API gravity, and gas gravity. For a particular gas and crude oil to exist at a constant temperature, the solubility increases with pressure until the saturation pressure is reached. At the saturation pressure (bubble point pressure) all the available gases are dissolved in the oil, and the gas solubility reaches its maximum value. Rather than measuring the amount of gas that will dissolve in given stock tank crude oil as the pressure is increased, it is customary to determine the amount of gas that will come out of the sample of reservoir crude oil. Oil Formation Volume Factor (Bo): The oil formation factor, Bo, is defined as the ratio of the volume of oil (plus the gas in solution) at the prevailing reservoir pressure and temperature, to the volume of oil at standard conditions. Oil formation volume factor is generally greater than or equal to one. Mathematically we can express the oil formation volume factor as: @@ -9431,7 +9431,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Vsc= volume of oil at standard conditions (stb or Sm3). Values of oil FVF at reservoir temperature and various reservoir pressures can be obtained from a standard PVT analysis of a reservoir fluid sample. However, if this data is unavailable, the geologist/engineer must then resort to empirical correlations, such as Standing15 - Standing, M. B.: “A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for Mixtures of California Oils and Gases”, Drill, and Prod. Prac., API (1947)., Vasquez and Beggs16 + Standing, M. B.: “A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for Mixtures of California Oils and Gases”, Drill, and Prod. Prac., API (1947)., Vasquez and Beggs16 Vasquez M. and Beggs H. D.: “Correlations for Fluid Physical Property Prediction”, J. Pet. Tech. (June 1980)., or Glasø17 Glasø, O.: “Generalized Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlations”, J.Pet.Tech. (May 1980).. Generally Bo ranges from a low of 1.05 for heavy oils to a high of 2.5 rb/stb for volatile oils. Care should be exercised when applying any of the aforementioned correlations, as there is significant variation between the various correlations. In general, a given correlation may be more appropriate for a geological basin based on comparing actual measured PVT data from other fields with the correlation predicted results. Oil Isothermal Compressibility (co): The oil isothermal compressibility is defined as the rate of change in volume with pressure increase per unit volume of liquid, all variables other than pressure being constant. Thus, by definition, isothermal compressibility of a substance is defined mathematically by the following expression: @@ -9705,7 +9705,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Water Fluid Properties Water fluid properties are similar to the oil fluid properties, and include: Water Density (ρw): Water density has the same definition as oil density, equation (8.7), with units of lbm/ft3, kg/m3, and g/cm3. Fresh water density at 14.7 psia and 60 oF is 62.4 lb/ft3, and for SI units at 101. 3 kPa and 15 oC, the density is 1000 kg/m3. Note that density is quoted in various units even within a given unit system. In oilfield (English) units it is quite common to quote density as a gradient that is psi/ft, when laboratory data or actual water samples are unavailable. The density of formation water at reservoir conditions can be estimated roughly (usually to within +/−10%) from correlations such as McCain’s22 - McCain, W.D. Jr.: McCain, W.D. Jr. 1990. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, second edition. Tulsa, Oklahoma: PennWell Books. and 23 + McCain, W.D. Jr.: McCain, W.D. Jr. 1990. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, second edition. Tulsa, Oklahoma: PennWell Books. and 23 Cain Jr., W.D. 1991. Reservoir-Fluid Property Correlations-State of the Art (includes associated papers 23583 and 23594 ). SPE Res Eng 6 (2): 266-272. SPE-18571-PA. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18571-PA. correlations. Water Formation Volume Factor (Bw): The water formation volume factor has the same definition as for the oil formation volume factor. Normally this property is estimated from correlations based on salt content, for example the Numbere et al24 Numbere, D., Brigham, W. E., and Standing, M. B., Correlations for Physical Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Brines, Petroleum Research Institute, Stanford University, November, 1977). correlation. @@ -10949,7 +10949,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. If the reservoir pressure and temperature is at point 2 on the phase diagram, then the oil is at bubble point pressure and is said to be saturated, i.e., the oil contains the maximum amount of dissolved gas at the given conditions. However, if the reservoir conditions are at point 1 on the phase diagram, then the oil is said to be undersaturated. That is the oil is able to dissolve more gas at the current reservoir pressure and temperature. - The term low shrinkage oil is derived from the fact that oil shrinkage is small, i.e., with an oil formation volume factors less than 1.5. This oil can be described as having a broad based phase envelope, high percentage of liquid, high proportion of heavier hydrocarbons, GOR's less than 500 scf/stb or 100 Sm3/m3, oil gravity 30 oAPI or heavier, and the stock tank liquid being black or a deep color. If the oil has a very low GOR and therefore has an oil formation volumes factor close to one, as observed in heavy oil reservoirs, then it is common to model this type of reservoir neglecting the gas phase. That is this type of reservoir fluid is typically modeled as a two-phase oil-water system using a black-oil formulation, which results in greater computational efficient due to having only two phases as opposed to the three phases in an oil-gas-water system. + The term low shrinkage oil is derived from the fact that oil shrinkage is small, i.e., with an oil formation volume factors less than 1.5. This oil can be described as having a broad based phase envelope, high percentage of liquid, high proportion of heavier hydrocarbons, GOR's less than 500 scf/stb or 100 Sm3/m3, oil gravity 30 oAPI or heavier, and the stock tank liquid being black or a deep color. If the oil has a very low GOR and therefore has an oil formation volumes factor close to one, as observed in heavy oil reservoirs, then it is common to model this type of reservoir neglecting the gas phase. That is this type of reservoir fluid is typically modeled as a two-phase oil-water system using a black-oil formulation, which results in greater computational efficient due to having only two phases as opposed to the three phases in an oil-gas-water system. High Shrinkage Oil Reservoirs A high shrinkage oil's phase diagram is shown in Figure 8.3. @@ -12083,7 +12083,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Figure 8.3: High Shrinkage Oil Phase Diagram - This type of reservoir fluid is characterized by not so broad a phase envelope, fewer heavier hydrocarbons, deep colored stock tank fluid, oil gravity lighter than 50 oAPI, GOR less than 8000 scf/stb or 1500 Sm3/m3, and oil formation volume factors greater than 1.5 Sm3/m3. + This type of reservoir fluid is characterized by not so broad a phase envelope, fewer heavier hydrocarbons, deep colored stock tank fluid, oil gravity lighter than 50 oAPI, GOR less than 8000 scf/stb or 1500 Sm3/m3, and oil formation volume factors greater than 1.5 Sm3/m3. Dry Gas Reservoirs Natural gas that occurs in the absence of condensate or liquid hydrocarbons, or gas that had condensable hydrocarbons removed, is called dry gas. It is primarily methane with some intermediates. The hydrocarbon mixture is solely gas in the reservoir and there is no liquid (condensate surface liquid) formed either in the reservoir or at surface. @@ -13799,7 +13799,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Figure 8.5: Wet Gas Phase Diagram - Wet gas normally has a GOR less than 100,000 scf/stb or 18,000 Sm3/m3, with the condensate having a gravity greater than 50 oAPI. + Wet gas normally has a GOR less than 100,000 scf/stb or 18,000 Sm3/m3, with the condensate having a gravity greater than 50 oAPI. Retrograde Condensate Gas Reservoirs If the reservoir temperature lies between the critical point and the cricondentherm, a retrograde reservoir exists. As the pressure declines to point 2, which is the dew point, liquids begin to form in the reservoir. As the pressure further declines to point 3, the liquid yield increases. Further reduction in the pressure causes the liquid to vaporize back into the gas phase. @@ -14991,7 +14991,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. The liquid drop out in the reservoir can cause a well's productivity to be reduced, due to the system moving from a two-phase relative permeability effect, to a three phase effect. This is normally diagnosed by the well having a high skin factor. - This type of fluid has more lighter hydrocarbons than high shrinkage oils, and fewer heavier hydrocarbons than high shrinkage oils. The gravity can be as high as 60 oAPI, with GOR up to 70,000 scf/stb or 13,000 Sm3/m3. Generally the stock tank liquid is water-white, or slightly colored. + This type of fluid has more lighter hydrocarbons than high shrinkage oils, and fewer heavier hydrocarbons than high shrinkage oils. The gravity can be as high as 60 oAPI, with GOR up to 70,000 scf/stb or 13,000 Sm3/m3. Generally the stock tank liquid is water-white, or slightly colored. Reservoir Classification The following tables outline some general parameters used to classify reservoir fluids. Table 8.1outlines some general producing characteristics used to define reservoir fluids. @@ -15026,10 +15026,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.< 2,000 - 2,000 – 6,000 + 2,000 – 6,000 - 6,000 – 100,000Generally 7,000 – 15,000 + 6,000 – 100,000Generally 7,000 – 15,000 > 100,000Usually below 300,000 @@ -15054,19 +15054,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Usual API Gravity Range of Produced Fluid + Usual API Gravity Range of Produced Fluid - 10 – 45+ + 10 – 45+ - 40 – 50 + 40 – 50 - 45 – 65 + 45 – 65 - – + – @@ -15077,10 +15077,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.C7+: usually > 40% - C7+: 10 – 40% + C7+: 10 – 40% - C7+: 2 – 10% + C7+: 2 – 10% Primarily Methane @@ -15203,7 +15203,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Stock Tank Oil oAPI + Stock Tank Oil oAPI 68 @@ -15232,7 +15232,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.temperature - Stock Tank Oil oAPI + Stock Tank Oil oAPI In Situ Viscosity (cp) @@ -15269,7 +15269,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.10.0 – 22.3 - 100 – 10,000 + 100 – 10,000 @@ -15297,7 +15297,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 8.3: Oil Sub-Classification (after Wilmon) Fluid Property Tables - Table 8.4outlines the oil, gas, and water fluid types that can be active in the model, together with the related RUNSPEC section keywords that activate the phases, versus the PVT keywords that can be used to define the PVT behavior. The table also includes several water types, the standard water phase used in most simulations models, the Brine water phase used in the Brine Tracking model to track the flow of brine through the simulation grid and the effect of brine on reservoir performance, and finally OPM Flow’s Vaporized Water phase that is used in the simulator’s Salt Precipitation model. The latter water phase is not available in the commercial simulator. + Table 8.4outlines the oil, gas, and water fluid types that can be active in the model, together with the related RUNSPEC section keywords that activate the phases, versus the PVT keywords that can be used to define the PVT behavior. The table also includes several water types, the standard water phase used in most simulations models, the Brine water phase used in the Brine Tracking model to track the flow of brine through the simulation grid and the effect of brine on reservoir performance, and finally OPM Flow’s Vaporized Water phase that is used in the simulator’s Salt Precipitation model. The latter water phase is not available in the commercial simulator. @@ -15373,32 +15373,32 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - RUNSPEC + RUNSPEC Keywords - OIL + OIL - OIL + OIL - GAS + GAS - GAS + GAS - GAS + GAS - GAS + GAS - WATER + WATER - WATER + WATER @@ -15408,19 +15408,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - DISGAS + DISGAS - VAPOIL + VAPOIL - None / VAPOIL + None / VAPOIL - + @@ -15444,7 +15444,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - VAPWAT5 + VAPWAT5 @@ -15471,7 +15471,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - WATER + WATER @@ -15498,7 +15498,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - BRINE + BRINE @@ -15507,7 +15507,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - BRINE + BRINE @@ -15517,49 +15517,49 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.PVT - PVCDO + PVCDO - PVCO + PVCO - PVDG + PVDG - PVTG + PVTG - PVTWSALT + PVTWSALT - PVTSOL + PVTSOL - PVTW + PVTW - PVTWSALT + PVTWSALT - PVDO + PVDO - PVTO + PVTO - PVZG + PVZG - PVTGW5 + PVTGW5 - PVDS + PVDS @@ -15583,7 +15583,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PVTGWO5 + PVTGWO5 @@ -15600,19 +15600,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Miscellaneous - RSCONST + RSCONST - RVCONST + RVCONST - RWGSALT5 + RWGSALT5 @@ -15627,13 +15627,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - RSCONSTT + RSCONSTT - RVCONSTT + RVCONSTT @@ -15657,28 +15657,28 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Density - DENSITY + DENSITY - BDENSITY + BDENSITY - SDENSITY + SDENSITY - DENSITY + DENSITY - BDENSITY + BDENSITY - GRAVITY + GRAVITY @@ -15690,7 +15690,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - GRAVITY + GRAVITY @@ -15710,7 +15710,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Cells colored orange show keywords that have not been implemented in OPM Flow for the given fluid type. - When two or more keywords are stated for the RUNSPEC keyword for a given fluid type, then all are required to define the given phase. + When two or more keywords are stated for the RUNSPEC keyword for a given fluid type, then all are required to define the given phase. When two keywords are stated for the Pressure Dependent PVT and Miscellaneous data for a given fluid type, then either one can be used to define the PVT behavior for the given phase. @@ -15724,13 +15724,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 8.4: Fluid Property Keywords versus Oil, Gas and Water Fluid Type - For the Dead Oil phases the RSCONST and RSCONSTT keywords are used to set a constant gas-oil ratio (Rs). In this case the Rs is independent of the reservoir pressure and Rs is also negligible, as in for example heavy oil type fluids. - Similarly for the Dry Gas phase, where the RVCONST and RVCONSTT keywords are used to set a condensate-gas ratio (Rv) which is independent of the reservoir pressure and is also negligible, as in for example dry gas type fluids. - For the Vaporized Water phase and model, both dry and wet gas can be incorporated. Note that the PVTGW, PVTGWO, RWGSALT, and VAPWAT keywords are OPM Flow specific keywords. - In addition for the Brine phase, then either the SALT or SALTVD keywords in the SOLUTION section should be used to define the initial equilibration salt concentration for the model. - CO2 can either be used as Enhanced Oil Recovery (“EOR”) fluid by injecting the CO2 into an oil reservoir, or injected for CO2 storage. For the former,CO2 is declared via the GAS keyword in the RUNSPEC section and the PVT data is entered via the standard gas fluid properties for the hydrocarbon gas and either the PVDS or the PVTSOL keywords are used to describe the interaction of the in situ oil and the injected CO2. - In addition to the above the ROCK keyword should be used to define the rock compressibility. - Similarly, Table 8.5outlines the fluid property data keywords for the CO2 storage, foam, polymer, solvent, and MICP phases. Note that for these phases multiple keywords can be used to define the desired property behavior. + For the Dead Oil phases the RSCONST and RSCONSTT keywords are used to set a constant gas-oil ratio (Rs). In this case the Rs is independent of the reservoir pressure and Rs is also negligible, as in for example heavy oil type fluids. + Similarly for the Dry Gas phase, where the RVCONST and RVCONSTT keywords are used to set a condensate-gas ratio (Rv) which is independent of the reservoir pressure and is also negligible, as in for example dry gas type fluids. + For the Vaporized Water phase and model, both dry and wet gas can be incorporated. Note that the PVTGW, PVTGWO, RWGSALT, and VAPWAT keywords are OPM Flow specific keywords. + In addition for the Brine phase, then either the SALT or SALTVD keywords in the SOLUTION section should be used to define the initial equilibration salt concentration for the model. + CO2 can either be used as Enhanced Oil Recovery (“EOR”) fluid by injecting the CO2 into an oil reservoir, or injected for CO2 storage. For the former,CO2 is declared via the GAS keyword in the RUNSPEC section and the PVT data is entered via the standard gas fluid properties for the hydrocarbon gas and either the PVDS or the PVTSOL keywords are used to describe the interaction of the in situ oil and the injected CO2. + In addition to the above the ROCK keyword should be used to define the rock compressibility. + Similarly, Table 8.5outlines the fluid property data keywords for the CO2 storage, foam, polymer, solvent, and MICP phases. Note that for these phases multiple keywords can be used to define the desired property behavior. @@ -15740,7 +15740,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Fluid Property Keywords versus CO2 (Storage), Foam, Polymer, Solvent, and MICP Fluid Types + Fluid Property Keywords versus CO2 (Storage), Foam, Polymer, Solvent, and MICP Fluid Types @@ -15765,34 +15765,34 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Solvent - MICP7 + MICP7 - RUNSPEC Keywords + RUNSPEC Keywords - CO2STORE + CO2STORE - FOAM + FOAM - POLYMER + POLYMER - SOLVENT + SOLVENT - MICP + MICP - GAS + GAS @@ -15804,13 +15804,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - WATER + WATER - WATER + WATER @@ -15839,10 +15839,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PVDS + PVDS - PVTW + PVTW @@ -15855,7 +15855,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PVTSOL6 + PVTSOL6 @@ -15875,10 +15875,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SDENSITY + SDENSITY - DENSITY + DENSITY @@ -15886,19 +15886,19 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Miscellaneous - SALINITY5 + SALINITY5 - FOAMADS + FOAMADS - PLMIXPAR + PLMIXPAR - BIOFPARA + BIOFPARA @@ -15907,10 +15907,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMDCYO + FOAMDCYO - PLYADS + PLYADS @@ -15925,10 +15925,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMDCYW + FOAMDCYW - PLYADSS + PLYADSS @@ -15943,10 +15943,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMFCN + FOAMFCN - PLYATEMP + PLYATEMP @@ -15961,10 +15961,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMFRM + FOAMFRM - PLYCAMAX + PLYCAMAX @@ -15979,10 +15979,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMFSC + FOAMFSC - PLYDHFLF + PLYDHFLF @@ -15997,10 +15997,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMFSO + FOAMFSO - PLYESAL + PLYESAL @@ -16015,10 +16015,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMFST + FOAMFST - PLYKRRF + PLYKRRF @@ -16033,10 +16033,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMFSW + FOAMFSW - PLYMAX + PLYMAX @@ -16051,10 +16051,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMMOB + FOAMMOB - PLYMWINJ8 + PLYMWINJ8 @@ -16069,10 +16069,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMMOBP + FOAMMOBP - PLYRMDEN + PLYRMDEN @@ -16087,10 +16087,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMMOBS + FOAMMOBS - PLYROCK + PLYROCK @@ -16105,10 +16105,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMOPTS + FOAMOPTS - PLYSHEAR + PLYSHEAR @@ -16123,10 +16123,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - FOAMROCK + FOAMROCK - PLYSHLOG + PLYSHLOG @@ -16144,7 +16144,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PLYTRRF + PLYTRRF @@ -16162,7 +16162,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PLYTRRFA + PLYTRRFA @@ -16180,7 +16180,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PLYVISC + PLYVISC @@ -16198,7 +16198,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PLYVISCS + PLYVISCS @@ -16216,7 +16216,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PLYVISCT + PLYVISCT @@ -16234,7 +16234,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PLYVMH8 + PLYVMH8 @@ -16252,7 +16252,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - PLYVSCST + PLYVSCST @@ -16270,7 +16270,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SKPRPOLY8 + SKPRPOLY8 @@ -16290,7 +16290,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SKPRWAT8 + SKPRWAT8 @@ -16311,22 +16311,22 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Cells colored orange show keywords that have not been implemented in OPM Flow. - When two or more keywords are stated for the RUNSPEC keyword for a given fluid type, then all are required to define the given phase. + When two or more keywords are stated for the RUNSPEC keyword for a given fluid type, then all are required to define the given phase. When multiple keywords are stated for the Miscellaneous data for a given fluid type, then several keywords can be used to defined the fluid property behavior. - SALINITY is OPM Flow specific keyword, that defines the salinity for all cells in the model. + SALINITY is OPM Flow specific keyword, that defines the salinity for all cells in the model. - PVTSOL is used to model CO2 interaction with in situ oil only and is an OPM Flow specific keyword. + PVTSOL is used to model CO2 interaction with in situ oil only and is an OPM Flow specific keyword. OPM Flow’s implementation of the Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation ("MICP") model used to investigate leakage remediation. All the keywords are specific to OPM Flow. - OPM Flow has an additional formulation to the standard polymer flooding model, compared to the commercial simulator, known as the Polymer Molecular Weight Transport option, that uses the polymer molecular weight in calculating the polymer viscosity. This model is activated via the POLYMER and POLYMW keywords in the RUNSPEC section. The model does not account for non-Newtonian flow; the apparent viscosity is simply set equal to the zero-shear viscosity. Secondly, the standard polymer property data keywords: PLYROCK, PLYADS, PLYMAX, etc., are still required to fully describe the polymer fluid. + OPM Flow has an additional formulation to the standard polymer flooding model, compared to the commercial simulator, known as the Polymer Molecular Weight Transport option, that uses the polymer molecular weight in calculating the polymer viscosity. This model is activated via the POLYMER and POLYMW keywords in the RUNSPEC section. The model does not account for non-Newtonian flow; the apparent viscosity is simply set equal to the zero-shear viscosity. Secondly, the standard polymer property data keywords: PLYROCK, PLYADS, PLYMAX, etc., are still required to fully describe the polymer fluid. @@ -16339,10 +16339,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Table 8.5: Fluid Property Keywords versus CO2 (Storage), Foam, Polymer, Solvent, and MICP Fluid Types - As mentioned previously, CO2 can either be used as an EOR fluid by injecting the gas into an oil reservoir, or injected for CO2 storage. For the latter, CO2 is declared via the GAS and CO2STORE keywords in the RUNSPEC section, and, except for the SALINITY keyword, all the remaining PVT data is calculated automatically via correlations by the simulator. A full description of the underlying PVT models is described by Sandve at al.28 + As mentioned previously, CO2 can either be used as an EOR fluid by injecting the gas into an oil reservoir, or injected for CO2 storage. For the latter, CO2 is declared via the GAS and CO2STORE keywords in the RUNSPEC section, and, except for the SALINITY keyword, all the remaining PVT data is calculated automatically via correlations by the simulator. A full description of the underlying PVT models is described by Sandve at al.28 Sandve, T. H., Gasda, S. E., Rasmussen, A., and Rustad, A. B. Convective dissolution in field scale CO2 storage simulation using the OPM Flow simulator. Submitted to TCCS 11 – Trondheim Conference on CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage Trondheim, Norway – June 21-23, 2021. Typical live oil and dry gas PVT data from the Volve29 - The Volve Data was approved for data sharing in 2018 by the initiative of the last Operating company, Equinor and approved by the license partners ExxonMobil E&P Norway AS and Bayerngas Norge AS in the end of 2017. field is shown in Figure 8.7and Figure 8.8, respectively. To fully define the live oil, dry gas, and water PVT properties for Volve the DENSITY, PVDG, PVTO, and PVTW keywords are employed. + The Volve Data was approved for data sharing in 2018 by the initiative of the last Operating company, Equinor and approved by the license partners ExxonMobil E&P Norway AS and Bayerngas Norge AS in the end of 2017. field is shown in Figure 8.7and Figure 8.8, respectively. To fully define the live oil, dry gas, and water PVT properties for Volve the DENSITY, PVDG, PVTO, and PVTW keywords are employed. @@ -18488,10 +18488,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - In addition to the above definitions, the simulator uses the term SWL, which is lowest water saturation in a relative permeability table. Thus, SWL can represent either the connate water saturation or the irreducible water saturation in the relative permeability tables and functions. - Secondly, the term irreducible water saturation is replaced by term critical water saturation (SWCR) in the relative permeability tables and function, as both terms are equivalent with regards to the mobility of the water phase. This terminology is also consistent with the critical values of the oil and gas phases, which are dependent on the displacing phase. - Thirdly, it is not uncommon for SWL to be set equal to the critical water saturation; however, care should be taken in this instance if end-point scaling is being used to ensure that the cell scaled relative permeability curves are as one might expect. - A typical set of oil-water relative permeability curves is shown in Figure 8.9indicating the oil end-point data (KRO, KRORW, and (1 – SOWCR)) and the water end-point data (KRWR, KRW, SWL, and SWCR). + In addition to the above definitions, the simulator uses the term SWL, which is lowest water saturation in a relative permeability table. Thus, SWL can represent either the connate water saturation or the irreducible water saturation in the relative permeability tables and functions. + Secondly, the term irreducible water saturation is replaced by term critical water saturation (SWCR) in the relative permeability tables and function, as both terms are equivalent with regards to the mobility of the water phase. This terminology is also consistent with the critical values of the oil and gas phases, which are dependent on the displacing phase. + Thirdly, it is not uncommon for SWL to be set equal to the critical water saturation; however, care should be taken in this instance if end-point scaling is being used to ensure that the cell scaled relative permeability curves are as one might expect. + A typical set of oil-water relative permeability curves is shown in Figure 8.9indicating the oil end-point data (KRO, KRORW, and (1 – SOWCR)) and the water end-point data (KRWR, KRW, SWL, and SWCR). @@ -19529,7 +19529,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Saturation - SOWCR + SOWCR Critical oil-in-water saturation, that is the largest oil saturation for which the oil relative permeability is zero in an oil-water system. @@ -19538,7 +19538,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SWL + SWL Connate water saturation, that is the lowest water saturation in a water saturation function table. @@ -19547,7 +19547,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SWCR + SWCR Critical water saturation, that is the largest water saturation for which the water relative permeability is zero. @@ -19556,7 +19556,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SWU + SWU Maximum water saturation in a water saturation table. This is commonly set equal to one, unless there is a residual oil saturation below the defined OWC. @@ -19568,7 +19568,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Permeability - KRO + KRO Relative permeability of oil at the maximum oil saturation. @@ -19577,7 +19577,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - KRORW + KRORW Relative permeability of oil at the critical water saturation @@ -19586,7 +19586,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - KRW + KRW Relative permeability of water at the maximum water saturation (normally the maximum water saturation is one). @@ -19595,7 +19595,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - KRWR + KRWR Relative permeability of water at the residual oil saturation (or at the residual gas saturation in a gas-water run). @@ -19607,10 +19607,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Pressure - SWLPC + SWLPC - Capillary pressure connate water saturation, that is the lowest water saturation in a water saturation function table to be scaled independently from the SWL relative permeability end-point value. + Capillary pressure connate water saturation, that is the lowest water saturation in a water saturation function table to be scaled independently from the SWL relative permeability end-point value. @@ -20596,7 +20596,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Figure 8.10: Example Gas-Oil Relative Permeability Curves - Similarly for gas-oil systems, Figure 8.10illustrates a typical gas-oil relative permeability set of curves indicating the oil end-point data (KRORG and (1 – SOGCR)) and the gas end-point data (KRGR, KRG, and SGCR). + Similarly for gas-oil systems, Figure 8.10illustrates a typical gas-oil relative permeability set of curves indicating the oil end-point data (KRORG and (1 – SOGCR)) and the gas end-point data (KRGR, KRG, and SGCR). The gas-oil end-point definitions are outlined in the following table: @@ -20621,7 +20621,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Saturation - SOGCR + SOGCR Critical oil-in-gas saturation, that is the largest oil saturation for which the oil relative permeability is zero in an oil-gas-connate-water system. @@ -20630,7 +20630,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SGL + SGL Connate gas saturation, that is the lowest gas saturation in a gas saturation function table. @@ -20639,7 +20639,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SGCR + SGCR Critical gas saturation, that is the largest gas saturation for which the gas relative permeability is zero. @@ -20648,7 +20648,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SGU + SGU Maximum gas saturation in a gas saturation table. This is generally set equal to one minus the connate water saturation. @@ -20660,7 +20660,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Permeability - KRG + KRG Relative permeability of gas at the maximum gas saturation. @@ -20669,7 +20669,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - KRGR + KRGR Relative permeability of gas at the residual oil saturation (or the critical water saturation in a gas-water run). @@ -20678,7 +20678,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - KRORG + KRORG Relative permeability of oil at the critical gas saturation. @@ -20690,16 +20690,16 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Pressure - SGLPC + SGLPC - Capillary pressure connate gas saturation, that is the smallest gas saturation in a gas saturation function table to be scaled independently from the SGL relative permeability end-point value. + Capillary pressure connate gas saturation, that is the smallest gas saturation in a gas saturation function table to be scaled independently from the SGL relative permeability end-point value. Table 8.7: Gas-Oil Relative Permeability End-Point Data Definitions - Finally, for two phase gas-water systems, Figure 8.11illustrates a typical set of gas-water relative permeability curves indicating the gas end-point data (KRG, KRGR, and (1 – SGWCR)) and the water end-point data (KRW, KRWR, SWL, and SWGCR). + Finally, for two phase gas-water systems, Figure 8.11illustrates a typical set of gas-water relative permeability curves indicating the gas end-point data (KRG, KRGR, and (1 – SGWCR)) and the water end-point data (KRW, KRWR, SWL, and SWGCR). @@ -21732,7 +21732,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Saturation - SGL + SGL Connate gas saturation, that is the lowest gas saturation in a gas saturation function table. @@ -21741,7 +21741,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SGU + SGU Maximum gas saturation in a gas saturation table. @@ -21759,7 +21759,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SWL + SWL Connate water saturation, that is the lowest water saturation in a water saturation function table. @@ -21777,7 +21777,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SWU + SWU Maximum water saturation in a water saturation table. @@ -21788,7 +21788,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Relative Permeability - KRG + KRG Relative permeability of gas at the maximum gas saturation. @@ -21797,7 +21797,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - KRGR + KRGR Relative permeability of gas at the residual oil saturation (or the critical water saturation in a gas-water run). @@ -21806,7 +21806,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - KRWR + KRWR Relative permeability of water at the residual oil saturation (or the residual gas saturation in a gas-water run). @@ -21818,24 +21818,24 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Pressure - SWLPC + SWLPC - Capillary pressure connate water saturation, that is the smallest water saturation in a water saturation function table to be scaled independently from the SWL relative permeability end-point value. + Capillary pressure connate water saturation, that is the smallest water saturation in a water saturation function table to be scaled independently from the SWL relative permeability end-point value. Table 8.8: Gas-Water Relative Permeability End-Point Data Definitions - End-point scaling is activated in the RUNSPEC section with the ENDSCALE keyword and the data used to apply end-point scaling is entered in the PROPS section using the end-point keywords defined in Table 8.6,Table 8.7, and Table 8.8to define each grid block’s end-point data.There are also direction dependent versions of these keywords for when directional end-point scaling has been activated. For example for critical water saturation, SWCR is used with non-directional end-point scaling and the SWCRX, SWCRX-, SWCRY, SWCRY-, SWCRZ, and SWCRZ- series of keywords is used for when directional end-point scaling has been activated. In addition, there is also the facility to incorporate end-point scaling based on the drainage and/or imbibition process which again can be either non-directional or directional. + End-point scaling is activated in the RUNSPEC section with the ENDSCALE keyword and the data used to apply end-point scaling is entered in the PROPS section using the end-point keywords defined in Table 8.6,Table 8.7, and Table 8.8to define each grid block’s end-point data.There are also direction dependent versions of these keywords for when directional end-point scaling has been activated. For example for critical water saturation, SWCR is used with non-directional end-point scaling and the SWCRX, SWCRX-, SWCRY, SWCRY-, SWCRZ, and SWCRZ- series of keywords is used for when directional end-point scaling has been activated. In addition, there is also the facility to incorporate end-point scaling based on the drainage and/or imbibition process which again can be either non-directional or directional. Note - If the hysteresis model option has been activated on the SATOPTS keyword in the RUNSPEC section, then the standard end-point scaling arrays, for example KRORW, can be used to scale the drainage tables, and the equivalent imbibition arrays suffixed with the letter I, for example IKRORW, can be used to scale the imbibition tables. - However, if the hysteresis model option has not been activated, then only the standard keywords can be used to define the end-point scaling parameters, that is KRORW should be used and not IKRORW, even though an imbibition process with the wetting phase (normally water) increasing is usually being modelled. + If the hysteresis model option has been activated on the SATOPTS keyword in the RUNSPEC section, then the standard end-point scaling arrays, for example KRORW, can be used to scale the drainage tables, and the equivalent imbibition arrays suffixed with the letter I, for example IKRORW, can be used to scale the imbibition tables. + However, if the hysteresis model option has not been activated, then only the standard keywords can be used to define the end-point scaling parameters, that is KRORW should be used and not IKRORW, even though an imbibition process with the wetting phase (normally water) increasing is usually being modelled. @@ -21890,7 +21890,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SGOF + SGOF Pcog @@ -21900,7 +21900,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SGFN3 + SGFN3 @@ -21914,7 +21914,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SLGOF + SLGOF Pcog @@ -21924,7 +21924,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SGWFN + SGWFN @@ -21936,7 +21936,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SWOF + SWOF Pcwo @@ -21948,7 +21948,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Pcwo - SOF24 + SOF24 No Pc @@ -21974,7 +21974,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SOF35 + SOF35 No Pc @@ -22000,7 +22000,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SOF32D + SOF32D No Pc @@ -22026,7 +22026,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SWFN + SWFN @@ -22080,7 +22080,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SGOFLET + SGOFLET Pcog @@ -22090,7 +22090,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - GSF + GSF @@ -22115,7 +22115,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - WSF + WSF @@ -22129,7 +22129,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - SWOFLET + SWOFLET Pcwo @@ -22164,10 +22164,10 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Cells colored orange show keywords that have not been implemented in OPM Flow. - In gas-water systems, the gas-water Pcgw data should be entered on the SWFN keyword and the Pcog on the SGFN keyword should be set to zero. + In gas-water systems, the gas-water Pcgw data should be entered on the SWFN keyword and the Pcog on the SGFN keyword should be set to zero. - The SOF2 keyword defines the relative permeability in oil-gas and oil-water runs only, and the miscible hydrocarbon in SOLVENT runs. This keyword should not be used to define the oil relative permeability when oil, gas and water are present. + The SOF2 keyword defines the relative permeability in oil-gas and oil-water runs only, and the miscible hydrocarbon in SOLVENT runs. This keyword should not be used to define the oil relative permeability when oil, gas and water are present. Defines oil relative permeability with respect to water and oil relative permeability with respect to gas. @@ -24968,7 +24968,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.krow= maximum oil relative permeability at Swcr, krw= maximum water relative permeability st Sorw, Swcr= critical water saturation, and - Sorw = residual oil saturation under a water flood (SOWCR). + Sorw = residual oil saturation under a water flood (SOWCR). Similar equations exist for gas-oil and water-oil systems. As mentioned above, the denominator in the equations, normalizes the saturation to the mobile phase, as a consequence, it is still necessary to extend the resulting Corey water curve to 100% water saturation in order to correctly model the water leg. In terms of the values for the various Corey exponents, Table 8.10offers some guidelines based on the rock's wettability. @@ -26434,12 +26434,12 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.As can be seen in Figure 8.16to Figure 8.18, the Corey exponents less than one result in a concave curve, and values great than one result in a convex curve, where as a value of one gives a straight line. Unfortunately, neither OPM Flow nor the commercial simulator, unlike some other simulators, support the direct entry of Corey type curves, and thus Corey curves have to be generated outside of the simulator. Fortunately, OPM Flow does support the more advanced and flexible LET family of models instead, which are described in the next section. Saturation Table Generation - LET Functions - OPM Flow has implemented the LET family of saturation functions models, based on the work of Lomeland et al.36 + OPM Flow has implemented the LET family of saturation functions models, based on the work of Lomeland et al.36 Lomeland F., Ebeltoft E. and Thomas W.H., 2005. A New Versatile Relative Permeability Correlation. Paper SCA2005-32 presented at the International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts held in Toronto, Canada, 21-25 August, 2005.,37 Lomeland F. and Ebeltoft E., 2008. A New Versatile Capillary Pressure Correlation. Paper SCA2008-08 presented at the International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, 29 Oct. – 2 Nov., 2008. 38 Lomeland F., Hasanov B., Ebeltoft E. and Berge M., 2012. A Versatile Representation of Up-scaled Relative Permeability for Field Applications. Paper SPE 154487-MS presented at the EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE Europec held in Copenhagen, Denmark, 4-7 June 2012.and 39 - Lomeland F., 2018.Overview Of The Let Family Of Versatile Correlations For Flow Functions. Paper SCA2018-056 presented at the International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts held in Trondheim, Norway, 27-30 August 2018. via the SGOFLET and SWOFLET keywords in this section. The keywords are used as replacements for the SGOF and SWOF keywords for three-phase oil-gas-water systems, and the SGWFN keyword for gas-water systems. Note there are two versions of the LET functions, LET168 for two-phase flowing conditions and LETx40 - Lomeland F. and Ebeltoft E., 2013. Versatile Three-phase Correlations for Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure. Paper SCA2013-034 presented at the International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts held in Napa Valley, California, USA, 16-19 September, 2013. for three-phase flowing conditions. All three keywords implement the LET version for two phase systems. + Lomeland F., 2018.Overview Of The Let Family Of Versatile Correlations For Flow Functions. Paper SCA2018-056 presented at the International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts held in Trondheim, Norway, 27-30 August 2018. via the SGOFLET and SWOFLET keywords in this section. The keywords are used as replacements for the SGOF and SWOF keywords for three-phase oil-gas-water systems, and the SGWFN keyword for gas-water systems. Note there are two versions of the LET functions, LET168 for two-phase flowing conditions and LETx40 + Lomeland F. and Ebeltoft E., 2013. Versatile Three-phase Correlations for Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure. Paper SCA2013-034 presented at the International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts held in Napa Valley, California, USA, 16-19 September, 2013. for three-phase flowing conditions. All three keywords implement the LET version for two phase systems. The functions are dependent on the drainage and imbibition cycle of the wetting phase as well as drainage and inhibition cycle number, since a reservoir may undergo several flooding events. To account for this the system defines the flooding event using the three saturations: Sw, So, and Sg together with the state of the three saturations during the flooding event. The saturation state can be increasing, decreasing, or constant for a given flooding event cycle number (n). Thus, Sw(D), So(I), Sg(C)1, or DIC1, means the water phase is decreasing, the oil phase is increasing, and the gas phase is constant for the primary or first cycle (n equals one). This is the case when oil is migrating into the reservoir rock and displacing the initial water contained with the reservoir. The various flooding processes are outlined in Table 8.11 @@ -29875,7 +29875,7 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } - LET Function (DIC1) versus SWOFLET Keyword + LET Function (DIC1) versus SWOFLET Keyword @@ -29885,19 +29885,19 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } - SWOFLET + SWOFLET LET Function - SWOFLET + SWOFLET LET Function - SWOFLET + SWOFLET LET Function @@ -29906,7 +29906,7 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } - SWL + SWL @@ -29973,7 +29973,7 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } - SWCR + SWCR @@ -30002,7 +30002,7 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } - SOWCR + SOWCR @@ -32255,7 +32255,7 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_orw`-`S_wirr } - LET Function (IDC2) versus SWOFLET Keyword + LET Function (IDC2) versus SWOFLET Keyword @@ -32265,19 +32265,19 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_orw`-`S_wirr } - SWOFLET + SWOFLET LET Function - SWOFLET + SWOFLET LET Function - SWOFLET + SWOFLET LET Function @@ -32286,7 +32286,7 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_orw`-`S_wirr } - SWL + SWL @@ -32377,7 +32377,7 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_orw`-`S_wirr } - SWCR + SWCR @@ -32407,7 +32407,7 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_orw`-`S_wirr } - SOWCR + SOWCR @@ -34686,7 +34686,7 @@ F_n~=~ { S sub{gn} sup{L_fn }} over {S sub{gn} sup{L_fn}``+``E_fn left(1 `- `S s - LET Function (CDI2) versus SGOFLET Keyword + LET Function (CDI2) versus SGOFLET Keyword @@ -34696,19 +34696,19 @@ F_n~=~ { S sub{gn} sup{L_fn }} over {S sub{gn} sup{L_fn}``+``E_fn left(1 `- `S s - SGOFLET + SGOFLET LET Function - SGOFLET + SGOFLET LET Function - SGOFLET + SGOFLET LET Function @@ -34717,7 +34717,7 @@ F_n~=~ { S sub{gn} sup{L_fn }} over {S sub{gn} sup{L_fn}``+``E_fn left(1 `- `S s - SGL + SGL @@ -34785,13 +34785,13 @@ F_n~=~ { S sub{gn} sup{L_fn }} over {S sub{gn} sup{L_fn}``+``E_fn left(1 `- `S s - SGCR + SGCR - SOGCR + SOGCR @@ -35220,7 +35220,7 @@ F_n~=~ { S sub{gn} sup{L_fn }} over {S sub{gn} sup{L_fn}``+``E_fn left(1 `- `S s jAABAAAAAAA= - parameter value is taken from the SWOFLET keyword. + parameter value is taken from the SWOFLET keyword. @@ -36859,7 +36859,7 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } - LET Function (DCI1) versus SGWFLET Keyword + LET Function (DCI1) versus SGWFLET Keyword @@ -36869,19 +36869,19 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } - SGWFLET + SGWFLET LET Function - SGWFLET + SGWFLET LET Function - SGWFLET + SGWFLET LET Function @@ -36890,13 +36890,13 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } - SGL + SGL - SWL + SWL @@ -36958,13 +36958,13 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } - SGCR + SGCR - SWCR + SWCR @@ -37366,7 +37366,7 @@ S sub{w p}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_wirr } Note - The SGWFLET keyword has not been implemented, as of this current release. + The SGWFLET keyword has not been implemented, as of this current release. @@ -39268,7 +39268,7 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_grw`-`S_wirr } - LET Function (DCI1) versus SGWFLET Keyword + LET Function (DCI1) versus SGWFLET Keyword @@ -39278,19 +39278,19 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_grw`-`S_wirr } - SGWFLET + SGWFLET LET Function - SGWFLET + SGWFLET LET Function - SGWFLET + SGWFLET LET Function @@ -39299,13 +39299,13 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_grw`-`S_wirr } - SGL + SGL - SWL + SWL @@ -39367,13 +39367,13 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_grw`-`S_wirr } - SGCR + SGCR - SWCR + SWCR @@ -39795,7 +39795,7 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_grw`-`S_wirr } Note - The SGWFLET keyword has not been implemented, as of this current release. + The SGWFLET keyword has not been implemented, as of this current release. @@ -39803,12 +39803,12 @@ S sub{wn}~=~ {S_w`-`S_wirr} over { 1`-`S_grw`-`S_wirr } Saturation Table Allocation - If none of the relative permeability assignment options have been activated on the SATOPTS keyword in the RUNSPEC section then saturation tables may be alloacted to each cell using the SATNUM keyword in the REGIONS section. - If the directional relative permeability option has been activated by the DIRECT parameter on the SATOPTS keyword then direction dependent relative permeability tables may be allocated to each cell using the KRNUMX, KRNUMY, and KRNUMZ series of keywords in the REGIONS section. If the irreversible directional relative permeability option has also been activated by the DIRECT and IRREVERS parameters on the SATOPTS keyword then relative permeability tables may be allocated to each face of each cell using the KRNUMX, KRNUMX-, KRNUMY, KRNUMY-, KRNUMZ, and KRNUMZ- series of keywords. - If the hysteresis option has been activated by the HYSTER parameter on the SATOPTS keyword then the "drainage" and imbibition saturation function tables may be allocated to each cell using the SATNUM and IMBNUM keywords respectively in the REGIONS section. - If both the hystersis and directional relative permeability options have been activated then the "drainage" relative permeabilities can be allocated using the KRNUMX, KRNUMY, and KRNUMZ series of keywords, and the imbibition relative permeabilities can be allocated using the IMBNUMX, IMBNUMY, and IMBNUMZ series of keywords. - If the hystersis, directional, and irreversible relative permeability options have been activated then the "drainage" relative permeabilities can be allocated using the KRNUMX, KRNUMX-, KRNUMY, KRNUMY-, KRNUMZ, and KRNUMZ- series of keywords, and the imbibition relative permeabilities can be allocated using the IMBNUMX, IMBNUMX-, IMBNUMY, IMBNUMY-, IMBNUMZ, and IMBNUMZ- series of keywords. - The above discussion assumes that the model has a Cartesian grid; however, if the model has a radial grid then the equivalent radial saturation table allocation keywords should be used. Thus, the equivalent KRNUM keywords would be KRNUMR, KRNUMR-, KRNUMT, KRNUMT-, KRNUMZ, and KRNUMZ-, and the equivalent IMBNUM keywords would be IMBNUMR, IMBNUMR-, IMBNUMT, IMBNUMT-, IMBNUMZ, and IMBNUMZ-. Note that the KRNUMZ, KRNUMZ-, IMBNUMZ, and IMBNUMZ- keywords are the same for both Cartesian and radial grids. + If none of the relative permeability assignment options have been activated on the SATOPTS keyword in the RUNSPEC section then saturation tables may be alloacted to each cell using the SATNUM keyword in the REGIONS section. + If the directional relative permeability option has been activated by the DIRECT parameter on the SATOPTS keyword then direction dependent relative permeability tables may be allocated to each cell using the KRNUMX, KRNUMY, and KRNUMZ series of keywords in the REGIONS section. If the irreversible directional relative permeability option has also been activated by the DIRECT and IRREVERS parameters on the SATOPTS keyword then relative permeability tables may be allocated to each face of each cell using the KRNUMX, KRNUMX-, KRNUMY, KRNUMY-, KRNUMZ, and KRNUMZ- series of keywords. + If the hysteresis option has been activated by the HYSTER parameter on the SATOPTS keyword then the "drainage" and imbibition saturation function tables may be allocated to each cell using the SATNUM and IMBNUM keywords respectively in the REGIONS section. + If both the hystersis and directional relative permeability options have been activated then the "drainage" relative permeabilities can be allocated using the KRNUMX, KRNUMY, and KRNUMZ series of keywords, and the imbibition relative permeabilities can be allocated using the IMBNUMX, IMBNUMY, and IMBNUMZ series of keywords. + If the hystersis, directional, and irreversible relative permeability options have been activated then the "drainage" relative permeabilities can be allocated using the KRNUMX, KRNUMX-, KRNUMY, KRNUMY-, KRNUMZ, and KRNUMZ- series of keywords, and the imbibition relative permeabilities can be allocated using the IMBNUMX, IMBNUMX-, IMBNUMY, IMBNUMY-, IMBNUMZ, and IMBNUMZ- series of keywords. + The above discussion assumes that the model has a Cartesian grid; however, if the model has a radial grid then the equivalent radial saturation table allocation keywords should be used. Thus, the equivalent KRNUM keywords would be KRNUMR, KRNUMR-, KRNUMT, KRNUMT-, KRNUMZ, and KRNUMZ-, and the equivalent IMBNUM keywords would be IMBNUMR, IMBNUMR-, IMBNUMT, IMBNUMT-, IMBNUMZ, and IMBNUMZ-. Note that the KRNUMZ, KRNUMZ-, IMBNUMZ, and IMBNUMZ- keywords are the same for both Cartesian and radial grids. diff --git a/parts/chapters/sections/9/2.fodt b/parts/chapters/sections/9/2.fodt index 5159ae27..9a082f41 100644 --- a/parts/chapters/sections/9/2.fodt +++ b/parts/chapters/sections/9/2.fodt @@ -4380,7 +4380,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.No. - REGIONS + REGIONS Keyword @@ -4397,13 +4397,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.1 - EQLNUM + EQLNUM - EQLNUM – Define the Equilibration Region Numbers. Equilibrium region allocation based on the EQUIL keyword in the SOLUTION section. + EQLNUM – Define the Equilibration Region Numbers. Equilibrium region allocation based on the EQUIL keyword in the SOLUTION section. - SOLUTION + SOLUTION @@ -4411,13 +4411,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.2 - FIPNUM + FIPNUM - FIPNUM – Define the Fluid In-Place Region Numbers. Fluid In-Place reporting via the FIPNUM array that divides the model into different fluid in-place reporting regions. + FIPNUM – Define the Fluid In-Place Region Numbers. Fluid In-Place reporting via the FIPNUM array that divides the model into different fluid in-place reporting regions. - REGION + REGIONS @@ -4425,13 +4425,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.3 - PVTNUM + PVTNUM - PVTNUM – Define the PVT Regions. PVT table allocation of the DENSITY, PVDG, PVDO, PVTG, PVTO, PVCO, PVTW, and ROCK tables. + PVTNUM – Define the PVT Regions. PVT table allocation of the DENSITY, PVDG, PVDO, PVTG, PVTO, PVCO, PVTW, and ROCK tables. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4439,13 +4439,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.4 - SATNUM + SATNUM - SATNUM – Define the Saturation Table Region Numbers. Saturation (relative permeability) table allocation of the SGFN, SWFN, SOF2, SOF3, SGOF, and SWOF tables. This array is for the standard drainage, as oppose to the imbibition curves, used in all models. There are separate region arrays for alternative relative permeability curves. + SATNUM – Define the Saturation Table Region Numbers. Saturation (relative permeability) table allocation of the SGFN, SWFN, SOF2, SOF3, SGOF, and SWOF tables. This array is for the standard drainage, as oppose to the imbibition curves, used in all models. There are separate region arrays for alternative relative permeability curves. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4463,13 +4463,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.5 - ENDNUM + ENDNUM - ENDNUM – Define the End-Point Scaling Depth Region Numbers. ENPTVD and ENKRVD versus depth table allocation for when ENDSCALE option has been activated in the RUNSPEC section. + ENDNUM – Define the End-Point Scaling Depth Region Numbers. ENPTVD and ENKRVD versus depth table allocation for when ENDSCALE option has been activated in the RUNSPEC section. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4477,13 +4477,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.6 - FIP + FIP - FIP – Define the Fluid In-Place Names and Region and Numbers. Fluid In-Place reporting via the FIP array that divides the model into different fluid in-place reporting regions. + FIP – Define the Fluid In-Place Names and Region and Numbers. Fluid In-Place reporting via the FIP array that divides the model into different fluid in-place reporting regions. - REGION + REGIONS @@ -4491,13 +4491,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.7 - FIPOWG + FIPOWG - FIPOWG – Activate Oil, Gas, and Water FIP Zone Reporting. Fluid In-Place reporting for the total oil, gas, and water in the model. There is no region property array for this keyword, as the simulator calculates the total phase volumes based on the contacts entered via the EQUIL keyword in the SOLUTION section. + FIPOWG – Activate Oil, Gas, and Water FIP Zone Reporting. Fluid In-Place reporting for the total oil, gas, and water in the model. There is no region property array for this keyword, as the simulator calculates the total phase volumes based on the contacts entered via the EQUIL keyword in the SOLUTION section. - REGION + REGIONS @@ -4506,13 +4506,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.8 - HBNUM + HBNUM HBNUM – Define Herschel-Bulkley Region Numbers. Herschel-Bulkley rheological property table region numbers. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4520,13 +4520,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.9 - HWSNUM + HWSNUM - HWSNUM – Define the Saturation Table Region Numbers (High Salinity and Water Wet). High salinity water wet saturation table allocation using the high salinity water wet saturation SWFN and SOFN tables. This is an alias for the SURFWNUM property region which is also not supported by OPM Flow. + HWSNUM – Define the Saturation Table Region Numbers (High Salinity and Water Wet). High salinity water wet saturation table allocation using the high salinity water wet saturation SWFN and SOFN tables. This is an alias for the SURFWNUM property region which is also not supported by OPM Flow. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4534,13 +4534,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.10 - IBMNUM + IMBNUM - IMBNUM – Define the Imbibition Saturation Table Region Numbers. Imbibition saturation table allocation of the SWFN, SOF2, SOF3, or SWOF imbibition tables. + IMBNUM – Define the Imbibition Saturation Table Region Numbers. Imbibition saturation table allocation of the SWFN, SOF2, SOF3, or SWOF imbibition tables. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4548,13 +4548,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.11 - IMBNUMMF + IMBNUMMF IMBNUMMF – Define the Imbibition Saturation Table Region Numbers (Matrix-Fracture). Imbibition saturation tables region numbers for flow between the matrix and fracture blocks, for when the Hysteresis option has been activated in Dual Porosity or Dual Permeability runs. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4562,13 +4562,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.12 - KRNUM + KRNUM - KRNUM – Define the Directional Saturation Table Region Numbers. Direction dependent saturation tables region numbers for when Directional Dependent Saturation Function option has been activated by the DIRECT parameter on the SATOPTS. + KRNUM – Define the Directional Saturation Table Region Numbers. Direction dependent saturation tables region numbers for when Directional Dependent Saturation Function option has been activated by the DIRECT parameter on the SATOPTS. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4576,13 +4576,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.13 - KRNUMMF + KRNUMMF KRNUMMF – Define the Saturation Table Region Numbers (Matrix-Fracture). Drainage saturation tables region numbers for flow between the matrix and fracture blocks in a Dual Porosity or Dual Permeability model. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4590,13 +4590,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.14 - LSLTWNUM + LSLTWNUM LSLTWNUM – Define the Low Salt Water Wet Saturation Table Region Numbers. Low salt water wet saturation tables region numbers for when the Low Salinity option for the Brine model and the Surfactant Wettability option have been activated for the model. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4604,13 +4604,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.15 - LSNUM + LSNUM LSNUM – Define the Low Salt Oil Wet Saturation Table Region Numbers. Low salt oil wet saturation tables region numbers for the Low Salinity Brine model. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4618,13 +4618,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.16 - LWSLTNUM + LWSLTNUM LWSLTNUM – Define the Low Salt Oil Wet Saturation Table Region Numbers. Low salt oil wet saturation table region numbers for the Low Salinity Brine model. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4632,13 +4632,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.17 - LWSNUM + LWSNUM LWSNUM – Define the Low Salt Water Wet Saturation Table Region Numbers. Low salt water wet saturation table region numbers for when the Low Salinity option for the Brine model and the Surfactant Wettability option have been activated for the model. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4646,13 +4646,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.18 - MISCNUM + MISCNUM - MISCNUM – Define the Miscibility Region Numbers. Miscible regions based on the TLMIXPAR records when the MISCIBLE or SOLVENT keywords have been activated in the RUNSPEC section. + MISCNUM – Define the Miscibility Region Numbers. Miscible regions based on the TLMIXPAR records when the MISCIBLE or SOLVENT keywords have been activated in the RUNSPEC section. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4661,17 +4661,17 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.19 - OPERNUM + OPERNUM - OPERNUM – Define Regions for Mathematical Operations on Arrays. OPERATER keyword region numbers that can also be used with the EQUALREG, ADDREG, COPYREG, MULTIREG, MULTREGP, and MULTREGT keywords, as well as the OPERATER keyword in calculating various grid properties in the GRID and REGION section. + OPERNUM – Define Regions for Mathematical Operations on Arrays. OPERATER keyword region numbers that can also be used with the EQUALREG, ADDREG, COPYREG, MULTIREG, MULTREGP, and MULTREGT keywords, as well as the OPERATER keyword in calculating various grid properties in the GRID and REGIONS section. - GRID - EDIT - PROPS - REGION - SOLUTION + GRID + EDIT + PROPS + REGIONS + SOLUTION @@ -4679,13 +4679,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.20 - PENUM + PENUM PENUM – Define the Petro-Elastic Region Numbers. Petro-elastic region numbers for petro-elastic coefficients, bulk modulus functions and shear modulus functions. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4693,13 +4693,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.21 - PLMIXNUM + PLMIXNUM PLMIXNUM – Define the Polymer Region Numbers. Polymer region numbers for the mixing tables, and the maximum polymer and salt concentrations for the Polymer option. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4707,13 +4707,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.22 - RESIDNUM + RESIDNUM RESIDNUM – Define Vertical Equilibrium Residual Flow Region Numbers. Vertical Equilibrium residual flow calculation saturation tables or when region numbers for the Vertical Equilibrium option. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4721,13 +4721,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.23 - ROCKNUM + ROCKNUM - ROCKNUM – Define Rock Compaction Table Region Numbers. Rock compaction table allocation for when the ROCKCOMP keyword as been activated in the RUNSPEC section, that allocates the ROCKTAB series of tables to a cell. + ROCKNUM – Define Rock Compaction Table Region Numbers. Rock compaction table allocation for when the ROCKCOMP keyword as been activated in the RUNSPEC section, that allocates the ROCKTAB series of tables to a cell. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4735,13 +4735,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.24 - SURFNUM + SURFNUM - SURFNUM – Define the Surfactant Miscible Saturation Table Region Numbers. Surfactant saturation (relative permeability) tables allocation allocating the SWFN, SOF2, SOF3, or SWOF as miscible tables. + SURFNUM – Define the Surfactant Miscible Saturation Table Region Numbers. Surfactant saturation (relative permeability) tables allocation allocating the SWFN, SOF2, SOF3, or SWOF as miscible tables. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4749,13 +4749,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.25 - SURFWNUM + SURFWNUM - SURFWNUM – Define the Saturation Table Region Numbers (High Salinity and Water Wet). High salinity water wet saturation table allocation using the high salinity water wet saturation SWFN and SOFN tables. + SURFWNUM – Define the Saturation Table Region Numbers (High Salinity and Water Wet). High salinity water wet saturation table allocation using the high salinity water wet saturation SWFN and SOFN tables. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4763,13 +4763,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.26 - TNUM + TNUM TNUM – Define Passive Tracer Concentration Regions. Partitioned Tracer option region numbers for this option. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4777,13 +4777,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.27 - TRKPF + TRKPF - TRKPF – Define Partitioned Tracer Regions. Defines the regions associated with partition tracers and the partitioning tables allocated to grid blocks for when the Partitioned Tracer option has been enabled by the PARTTRAC keyword in the RUNSPEC section. + TRKPF – Define Partitioned Tracer Regions. Defines the regions associated with partition tracers and the partitioning tables allocated to grid blocks for when the Partitioned Tracer option has been enabled by the PARTTRAC keyword in the RUNSPEC section. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4791,13 +4791,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.28 - WH2NUM + WH2NUM - WH2NUM – Define WAG Hysteresis Saturation Table Region Numbers (Two Phase). Two phase Water-Alternating-Gas (“WAG”) hysteresis saturation table region numbers for when the hysteresis option has been activated by the WAGHYSTR variable on the SATOPTS keyword in the RUNSPEC. + WH2NUM – Define WAG Hysteresis Saturation Table Region Numbers (Two Phase). Two phase Water-Alternating-Gas (“WAG”) hysteresis saturation table region numbers for when the hysteresis option has been activated by the WAGHYSTR variable on the SATOPTS keyword in the RUNSPEC. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4805,13 +4805,13 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.29 - WH3NUM + WH3NUM - WH3NUM – Define WAG Hysteresis Saturation Table Region Numbers (Three Phase). Three phase WAG hysteresis saturation table region numbers for when the hysteresis option has been activated by the WAGHYSTR variable on the SATOPTS keyword in the RUNSPEC. + WH3NUM – Define WAG Hysteresis Saturation Table Region Numbers (Three Phase). Three phase WAG hysteresis saturation table region numbers for when the hysteresis option has been activated by the WAGHYSTR variable on the SATOPTS keyword in the RUNSPEC. - PROPS + PROPS @@ -4823,7 +4823,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords.Note that not all keywords and features listed above are implemented in OPM Flow. Cells not colored in the No. column indicate the keyword is supported or partially supported by OPM Flow, cells colored gray indicate that the keyword is not applicable and will be ignored by the simulator, and finally, cells colored in orange indicate keywords that are not supported by OPM Flow and will be ignored by the simulator. - Note that is common to set the FIPNUM array to be equal to the EQLNUM to have fluid in-place reporting for each equilibrium region, this can be done by using the COPY keyword to copy the EQLNUM array to the FIPNUM array. + Note that is common to set the FIPNUM array to be equal to the EQLNUM to have fluid in-place reporting for each equilibrium region, this can be done by using the COPY keyword to copy the EQLNUM array to the FIPNUM array. @@ -4832,7 +4832,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Table 9.1: REGION Section Allocation Array Summary + Table 9.1: REGIONS Section Allocation Array Summary @@ -4846,7 +4846,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - A complete property data set associated with a region keyword is required for each region number allocated to the cells. For example, if the fluid properties for the model are the same (for example, PVTO and PVDG keyword data), but the rock compressibility is varying with depth resulting in, say three different ROCK keyword records, then there has to be three PVTNUM regions and three complete PVT data sets in order to allocate the three ROCK records. This would mean that the PVTO and PVDG records, in this instance, would have to be repeated three times to match the three ROCK keyword records. + A complete property data set associated with a region keyword is required for each region number allocated to the cells. For example, if the fluid properties for the model are the same (for example, PVTO and PVDG keyword data), but the rock compressibility is varying with depth resulting in, say three different ROCK keyword records, then there has to be three PVTNUM regions and three complete PVT data sets in order to allocate the three ROCK records. This would mean that the PVTO and PVDG records, in this instance, would have to be repeated three times to match the three ROCK keyword records. @@ -12065,7 +12065,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. Figure 9.1: Volve Full Field Model SATNUM Array - Example SATNUM and EQUIL arrays from the Volve279 + Example SATNUM and EQLNUM arrays from the Volve279 The Volve Data was approved for data sharing in 2018 by the initiative of the last Operating company, Equinor and approved by the license partners ExxonMobil E&P Norway AS and Bayerngas Norge AS in the end of 2017. field are displayed in Figure 9.1and Figure 9.2, respectively. @@ -19405,7 +19405,7 @@ Updated with AFR/TSA Rev-D comments and new keywords. - Figure 9.2: Volve Full Field Model EQUIL Array + Figure 9.2: Volve Full Field Model EQLNUM Array